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. 2025 Nov 12;15(1):39567.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-11582-x.

Experimental characterization and modeling of a new bulk multi-mode magnetostrictive actuator

Saeed Ansari  1 , Mohammad Reza Karafi  2
Affiliations

Experimental characterization and modeling of a new bulk multi-mode magnetostrictive actuator

Saeed Ansari et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

In this paper, an analytical model of a new bulk magnetostrictive actuator in three modes-longitudinal, bending, and torsional-are examined. The magnetostrictive material considered is a cylindrical vanadium permendur. This actuator is capable of operating in the mentioned modes both independently and in combination. Three constant magnetic fields are used to actuate the device in axial, bending, and torsional modes, and the calculation of each magnetostrictive coefficient dij​ is performed by considering all magnetic fields. The longitudinal deformation is applied through the Joule effect by stimulating the magnetostrictive material with a coaxial coil surrounding the material. The torsional mode is implemented via the Wiedeman effect by passing an electric current through a wire inside the magnetostrictive material. For the bending mode, the stimulation is achieved by applying a magnetic field on a surface of the material using a magnetic coupler. The actuator modeling is conducted using classical magnetostrictive equations, and the magnetostriction coefficients are modified for the excitation magnetic fields. Experimental tests are conducted to measure the coefficients. Ultimately, the magnetostrictive deformations in three modes are precisely refined and presented using nonlinear regression relationships.

Keywords: Analytical; Bending mode; Longitudinal mode; Magnetostrictive actuator; Torsional mode.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Applying magnetic fields for inducing longitudinal, torsional, and flexural modes.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The magnetostrictive actuator along with its coils and the wire passing through it.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Fabricated magnetostrictive actuator.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The d33 coefficient measurement test.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The longitudinal strain vs axial magnetic fields.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
The d33 coefficient vs magnetic field intensity.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Measurement of longitudinal strain as a function of circumferential magnetic field.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Longitudinal strain vs circumferential magnetic field.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
d32 Coefficient curve.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Measurement of torsional strain as a function of the circumferential magnetic field.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Method of torsional angle measurement.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
Torsional strain measurements as a function of circumferential magnetic field.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
d62 Coefficient versus of circumferential magnetic fields.
Fig. 14
Fig. 14
Schematic of the experimental setup for measuring longitudinal displacement by applying both axial and circumferential magnetic fields.
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
Longitudinal displacement (L3) vs It and Ia.
Fig. 16
Fig. 16
Comparison of experimental and theoretical longitudinal strain vs H2 and H3.
Fig. 17
Fig. 17
Measurement of torsional deformation considering longitudinal and torsional magnetic fields.
Fig. 18
Fig. 18
Comparison of experimental and theoretical torsional strain vs H2 and H3.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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