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. 2025 Nov 25;122(47):e2514040122.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2514040122. Epub 2025 Nov 17.

Centuries of compounding human influence on Amazonian forests

Crystal N H McMichael  1 Mark B Bush  2 Hans Ter Steege  3   4 Dolores R Piperno  5   6 William D Gosling  1 Majoi N Nascimento  1   7 Umberto Lombardo  8   9 Luiz de Souza Coelho  10 Iêda Leão do Amaral  10 Francisca Dionízia de Almeida Matos  10 Diógenes de Andrade Lima Filho  10 Carolina V Castilho  11 Florian Wittmann  12   13 Juan Ernesto Guevara-Andino  14 William E Magnusson  15 Rafael P Salomão  16   17 Oliver L Phillips  18 Juan David Cardenas Revilla  10 Mariana Victória Irume  10 Maria Pires Martins  10 Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade  13 José Ferreira Ramos  13 Nigel C A Pitman  19 Bruno Garcia Luize  20 Evlyn Márcia Moraes de Leão Novo  21 Percy Núñez Vargas  22 Thiago Sanna Freire Silva  23 Eduardo Martins Venticinque  24 Angelo Gilberto Manzatto  25 Neidiane Farias Costa Reis  26 Katia Regina Casula  26 Euridice N Honorio Coronado  27 Juan Carlos Montero  10   28 Jochen Schöngart  13 Nicolás Castaño Arboleda  29 Abel Monteagudo Mendoza  22   30 Charles Eugene Zartman  10 Rodolfo Vasquez  30 Bonifacio Mostacedo  31 John Terborgh  32   33 Layon O Demarchi  13 Rafael L Assis  34 Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiro  35 Adriano Costa Quaresma  12   13 Marcelo Fragomeni Simon  35 Ana Andrade  36 José Luís Camargo  36 Ted R Feldpausch  18   37 Timothy J Killeen  38 William F Laurance  33 Susan G W Laurance  33 Lorena Maniguaje Rincón  10 Emanuelle de Sousa Farias  39 Henrique Eduardo Mendonça Nascimento  10 Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra  40   41 Tim R Baker  18 Yuri Oliveira Feitosa  42 Hugo F Mogollón  43 Alejandro Araujo-Murakami  44 Roel Brienen  18 Maria Aparecida Lopes  45 José Leonardo Lima Magalhães  46   47 Helder Lima de Queiroz  48 James A Comiskey  49   50 Beatriz S Marimon  51 Ben Hur Marimon-Junior  51 Gabriel Damasco  52 Freddie C Draper  53 Roosevelt García-Villacorta  54   55 Aline Lopes  13   56 Alberto Vicentini  15 Fernando Cornejo Valverde  57 Alfonso Alonso  50 Francisco Dallmeier  58   59 Leandro Valle Ferreira  17 Vitor H F Gomes  60   61 Daniel P P de Aguiar  62   63 Fernanda Antunes Carvalho  15   64 Rogerio Gribel  10 Marcelo Petratti Pansonato  10   65 Gerardo A Aymard C  66 Paul V A Fine  67 Juan Carlos Licona  28 Boris Eduardo Villa Zegarra  68 Vincent Antoine Vos  69 Luzmila Arroyo  44 Carlos Cerón  70 Marcos Silveira  71 Juliana Stropp  72 Doug Daly  73 William Milliken  74 Guido Pardo Molina  69 Marcos Ríos Paredes  75 Jos Barlow  76 Erika Berenguer  76   77 Dário Dantas do Amaral  17 Joice Ferreira  47 Eliana M Jimenez  78 Bente Klitgaard  53 Maria Cristina Peñuela Mora  79 Carlos A Peres  80 Pablo R Stevenson  81 Kyle G Dexter  82 Anthony Di Fiore  83   84 Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco  85 José Luis Marcelo Pena  86 Toby Pennington  37   87 Luciana de Oliveira Pereira  37 Juan Fernando Phillips  88 Gonzalo Rivas-Torres  88   89 Patricio von Hildebrand  90 Janaína Costa Noronha  91 Edelcilio Marques Barbosa  10 Flávia Rodrigues Barbosa  91 Luiz Carlos de Matos Bonates  10 Rainiellen de Sá Carpandeo  91 Hilda Paulette Dávila Doza  75 Alfredo Fuentes  92   93 Ricardo Zárate Gómez  94 Therany Gonzales  95 George Pepe Gallardo Gonzales  75 Yadvinder Malhi  77 Ires Paula de Andrade Miranda  10 Linder Felipe Mozombite Pinto  75 Adriana Prieto  96 Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues  91 Agustín Rudas  96 J Sebastián Tello  92 César I A Vela  97 Bianca Weiss Albuquerque  13 Angela Cano  81   98 Milena Holmgren  99 Marcelo Trindade Nascimento  100 Alexandre A Oliveira  65 Maira Rocha  13 Ademir R Ruschel  47 Veridiana Vizoni Scudeller  101 Rodrigo Sierra  102 Miles R Silman  103 Natalino Silva  104 Milton Tirado  102 Maria Natalia Umaña  105 Corine Vriesendorp  19 Cláudia Baider  65   106 Henrik Balslev  107 Reynaldo Linares-Palomino  50 Casimiro Mendoza  108   109 Italo Mesones  67 Germaine Alexander Parada  44 Miguel N Alexiades  110 William Farfan-Rios  22   103 Karina Garcia-Cabrera  103 Walter Palacios Cuenca  111 Susamar Pansini  26 Daniela Pauletto  112 Freddy Ramirez Arevalo  113 Adeilza Felipe Sampaio  26 Elvis H Valderrama Sandoval  113   114 Luis Valenzuela Gamarra  30 Marcelo de Jesus Veiga Carim  115 José Renan da Silva Guimarães  116 John J Pipoly 3rd  117   118 Fernanda Coelho de Souza  15   18 Marcelino Carneiro Guedes  119 José Julio de Toledo  120 Wegliane Campelo  120 Terry W Henkel  121 Jean-François Molino  122 Janaina Barbosa Pedrosa Costa  119 Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira  17 Daniel Sabatier  122 Alvaro Duque  123 Daniel Zuleta  124   125 Thiago Trindade  126 Eduardo Kazuo Tamanaha  48 Fernando Ozorio de Almeida  127   128 Kenneth J Feeley  129   130
Affiliations

Centuries of compounding human influence on Amazonian forests

Crystal N H McMichael et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. .

Abstract

Recent evidence suggests that the ecological footprints of pre-Columbian Indigenous peoples in Amazonia persist in modern forests. Ecological impacts resulting from European colonization c. 1550 CE and the Amazonian Rubber Boom c. 1850 to 1920 CE are largely unexplored but could be important additive influences on forest structure and tree species composition. Using environmental niche models, we show the highest probabilities of pre-Columbian and colonial occupation sites, and hence human-induced ecological influences, occurred in forests along rivers. In many areas, the predicted pre-Columbian and colonial distributions overlap spatially with the potential for superimposed ecological influences. Environmental gradients are known to structure Amazonian vegetation composition, but they are also strong predictors of past human influence, both spatially and temporally. Our comparisons of model outputs with relative abundances of Amazonian tree species suggest that pre-Columbian and colonial-period ecological legacies are associated with modern forest composition.

Keywords: Indigenous land use; colonization; ecological legacy; hyperdominance; tropical forest.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

References

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