Methodology for the Development of the Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-EAACI 2024-2025 Guidelines: From Evidence-to-Decision Frameworks to Digitalised Shared Decision-Making Algorithms

Jean Bousquet^{1

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3}, Bernardo Sousa-Pinto^{4

5}, Rafael José Vieira^{4

5}, Holger J Schünemann^{2

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7}, Torsten Zuberbier^{1

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6}, Antonio Bognanni⁶, Alkis Togias⁸, Boleslaw Samolinski⁹, Arunas Valiulis^{10

11}, Sian Williams¹², Anna Bedbrook³, Wienczyslawa Czarlewski^{3

13}, Maria Jose Torres¹⁴, Mohamed H Shamji¹⁵, Mário Morais-Almeida¹⁶, G Walter Canonica^{7

17}, Leticia de Las Vecillas¹⁸, Mark S Dykewicz¹⁹, Cristina Jacomelli²⁰, Ludger Klimek^{21

22}, Lucas Leemann²³, Olga Lourenço²⁴, Yuliia Palamarchuk²⁵, Nikolaos G Papadopoulos²⁶, Ana Margarida Pereira^{4

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28}, Marine Savouré^{29

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31}, Sanna K Toppila-Salmi^{32

33}, Maria Teresa Ventura^{34

35}, Juan Jose Yepes-Nuñez^{36

37}, Alvaro A Cruz³⁸, Giorgio Ciprandi³⁹, Bilun Gemicioglu⁴⁰, Mattia Giovannini^{41

42}, Brigita Gradauskiene⁴³, Tuomas Jartti⁴⁴, Miloš Jeseňák^{45

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47}, Piotr Kuna⁴⁸, Violeta Kvedariene^{49

50}, Désirée E Larenas-Linnemann⁵¹, Amir H A Latiff⁵², Yousser Mohammad^{53

54}, Ken Ohta⁵⁵, Padukudru A Mahesh⁵⁶, Isabella Pali-Schöll⁵⁷, Oliver Pfaar⁵⁸, Frederico S Regateiro^{59

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61

62}, Nicolas Roche^{63

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65}, Mikhail Sofiev²⁵, Luís Taborda-Barata^{24

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67}, Charlotte Suppli Ulrik^{68

69}, Marylin Valentin Rostan⁷⁰, Giovanni Viegi⁷¹, Luo Zhang⁷², Josep M Antó^{30

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73}, Tari Haahtela⁷⁴, Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda^{1

2

75

76}, Juan Carlos Ivancevich⁷⁷, Nikolai Khaltaev⁷⁸, Arzu Yorgancioglu⁷⁹, Baharudin Abdullah⁸⁰, Mona Al-Ahmad⁸¹, Maryam Ali Al-Nesf⁸², Rita Amaral^{4

5

83

84}, Julijana Asllani⁸⁵, Karl-C Bergmann^{1

2}, Jonathan A Bernstein⁸⁶, Michael S Blaiss⁸⁷, Fulvio Braido^{88

89}, Paulo Camargos⁹⁰, Pedro Carreiro-Martins^{91

92}, Thomas Casale⁹³, Lorenzo Cecchi⁹⁴, Alessandro G Fiocchi⁹⁵, Antonio F M Giuliano⁹⁶, George Christoff⁹⁷, Ieva Cirule⁹⁸, Jaime Correia-de-Sousa⁹⁹, Elisio M Costa¹⁰⁰, Stefano Del Giacco¹⁰¹, Philippe Devillier¹⁰², Dejan Dokic¹⁰³, Elham Hossny¹⁰⁴, Tomohisa Iinuma¹⁰⁵, Carla Irani¹⁰⁶, Zhanat Ispayeva¹⁰⁷, Kaja Julge¹⁰⁸, Igor Kaidashev¹⁰⁹, Kazi S Bennoor¹¹⁰, Helga Kraxner¹¹¹, Inger Kull^{112

113}, Marek Kulus¹¹⁴, Maciej Kupczyk⁴⁶, Andriy Kurchenko¹¹⁵, Stefania La Grutta¹¹⁶, Neven Miculinic¹¹⁷, Lan Le Thi Tuyet¹¹⁸, Michael Makris¹¹⁹, Branislava Milenkovic¹²⁰, Sang Min Lee¹²¹, Stephen Montefort¹²², André Moreira^{123

124

125}, Joaquim Mullol¹²⁶, Rachel Nadif^{127

128}, Alla Nakonechna^{129

130}, Hugo E Neffen¹³¹, Marek Niedoszytko¹³², Dieudonné Nyembue¹³³, Robyn O'Hehir¹³⁴, Ismail Ogulur¹³⁵, Yoshitaka Okamoto^{136

137}, Heidi Olze¹³⁸, Oscar Palomares¹³⁹, Petr Panzner¹⁴⁰, Vincenzo Patella^{141

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143}, Ruby Pawankar¹⁴⁴, Constantinos Pitsios¹⁴⁵, Todor A Popov¹⁴⁶, Francesca Puggioni¹⁴⁷, Santiago Quirce¹⁸, Agné Ramonaité^{148

149}, Marysia Recto¹⁵⁰, Maria Susana Repka-Ramirez¹⁵¹, Graham Roberts^{152

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154}, Karla Robles-Velasco^{31

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155}, Menachem Rottem^{156

157}, Marianella Salapatas¹⁵⁸, Joaquin Sastre¹⁵⁹, Nicola Scichilone¹⁶⁰, Juan Carlos Sisul¹⁶¹, Dirceu Solé¹⁶², Manuel E Soto-Martinez¹⁶³, Milan Sova¹⁶⁴, Pongsakorn Tantilipikorn¹⁶⁵, Ana Todo-Bom¹⁶⁶, Vladyslav Tsaryk¹¹³, Ioanna Tsiligianni^{167

168}, Marilyn Urrutia-Pereira¹⁶⁹, Erkka Valovirta¹⁷⁰, Eric Van Ganse¹⁷¹, Tuula Vasankari^{172

173}, Dana Wallace¹⁷⁴, De Yun Wang¹⁷⁵, Margitta Worm¹⁷⁶, Osman M Yusuf¹⁷⁷, Mihaela Zidarn^{178

179}, Sara Gil-Mata^{4

5}, Manuel Marques-Cruz^{4

5}, Bassam Mahboub^{180

181}, Ignacio J Ansotegui¹⁸², Antonino Romano^{183

184}, Maria Cristina Artesani⁹⁵, Bruno Barreto¹⁸⁵, Sven Becker¹⁸⁶, Bianca Beghe¹⁸⁷, Jacques Bouchard¹⁸⁸, Melisande Bourgoin-Heck^{189

190

191}, Luisa Brussino^{192

193}, Roland Buhl¹⁹⁴, Mario Calvo-Gil¹⁹⁵, Victoria Cardona Dahl^{196

197}, José Antonio Castillo Vizuete^{198

199}, Denis Charpin²⁰⁰, Niels H Chavannes²⁰¹, Marta Chełmińska²⁰², Lei Cheng²⁰³, Ekaterine Chkhartishvili²⁰⁴, Herberto Jose Chong-Neto²⁰⁵, Deepa Choudhury²⁰⁶, Derek Chu^{207

208}, Cemal Cingi²⁰⁹, Enrico Compalati²¹⁰, Biljana Cvetkovski²¹¹, Jane Da Silva^{212

213}, Gennaro D'Amato²¹⁴, Janet Davies^{215

216}, Danilo Di Bona²¹⁷, Maria V Dimou²⁶, Maria Do Ceu Teixeira^{218

219}, Maria Doulaptsi²²⁰, José Miguel Fuentes Pérez²²¹, Radoslaw Gawlik²²², Ozlem Goksel²²³, Maximiliano R Gómez²²⁴, Sandra N Gonzalez Diaz²²⁵, Maia Gotua²²⁶, Christos Grigoreas²²⁷, Ineta Grisle²²⁸, Maria Antonieta Guzman²²⁹, Rachel House Tan^{230

231}, Michael Hyland²³², Despo Ierodiakonou²³³, Aspasia Karavelia²³⁴, Marta Kisiel²³⁵, Mitja Kosnik^{178

179}, Vicky Kritikos^{236

237}, Carlo Lombardi²³⁸, Matteo Martini^{239

240}, Cem Meço^{241

242

243}, Eris Mesonjesi²⁴⁴, Florin Mihaltan²⁴⁵, Marcin Moniuszko²⁴⁶, Robert Naclerio²⁴⁷, Sophia Neisinger^{1

2}, Michal Ordak²⁴⁸, Giovanni Paoletti^{7

147}, Edgar Arturo Perdomo-Flores²⁴⁹, Nhan Pham-Thi^{250

251

252}, Emmanuel Prokopakis²²⁰, Daniela Rivero Yeverino²⁵³, Giovanni Rolla¹⁹², Jan Romantowski¹³², Philip W Rouadi^{254

255}, Maia Rukhadze²⁵⁶, Daiju Sakurai²⁵⁷, Laila Salameh²⁵⁸, Faradiba Serpa Sarquis²⁵⁹, Tanja Soklic Kosak²⁶⁰, Michael Soyka²⁶¹, Olga Sozinova²⁶², Krzysztof Specjalski¹³², Vesna Tomic-Spiric^{263

264}, Martina Vachova^{265

266}, Marianne van Hage^{267

268

269}, Ilgim Vardaloglu Koyuncu²⁷⁰, Pakit Vichyanond^{271

272}, Martin Wagenmann²⁷³, Fanny Wai San Ko²⁷⁴, Pascal Werminghaus²⁷⁵, Vicky Paraskevi Xepapadaki²⁶, Yi-Kui Xiang^{1

2

276}, João A Fonseca^{4

5}

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
² Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany.
³ ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma), Montpellier, France.
⁴ MEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁵ CINTESIS@RISE-Health Research Network, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁶ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁷ Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
⁸ Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Maryland, USA.
⁹ Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁰ Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
¹¹ Clinic of Asthma, Allergy, and Chronic Lung Diseases, Asthma & Allergy Department, Vilnius, Lithuania.
¹² International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG, Edinburgh, UK.
¹³ Medical Consulting Czarlewski, Levallois, France.
¹⁴ Allergy Unit, Málaga Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Malaga University, ARADyAL, Malaga, Spain.
¹⁵ National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College, and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
¹⁶ Allergy Center, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal.
¹⁷ Asthma & Allergy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
¹⁸ Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁹ Section of Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
²⁰ "Respiriamo Insieme" Association, Asthma & Allergy Center, Padova, Italy.
²¹ Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
²² Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Allergology & Rhinology Department, Wiesbaden, Germany.
²³ Department of Political Science, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
²⁴ RISE-Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
²⁵ Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland.
²⁶ Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
²⁷ PaCeIT-Patient Centered Innovation and Technologies, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
²⁸ Allergy Unit, Instituto and Hospital CUF, Porto, Portugal.
²⁹ Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
³⁰ Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
³¹ CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
³² Department of Allergy, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
³³ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland and the North Savo Wellbeing Services County, Kuopio, Finland.
³⁴ Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
³⁵ Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), Bari, Italy.
³⁶ School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
³⁷ Pulmonology Service, Internal Medicine Section, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, University Hospital, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
³⁸ Fundaçao ProAR and (Faculdade de Medicina da), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
³⁹ Casa di Cura Villa Montallegro, Allergology Department, Genova, Italy.
⁴⁰ Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Institute of Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁴¹ Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁴² Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy.
⁴³ Department of Immunology and Allergology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
⁴⁴ Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
⁴⁵ Institute of Clinical Immunology and Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pulmonology and Phthisiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia.
⁴⁶ Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
⁴⁷ University Teaching Hospital Martin, Martin, Slovakia.
⁴⁸ Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
⁴⁹ Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
⁵⁰ Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
⁵¹ Center of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy, Médica Sur Clinical Foundation and Hospital, México City, Mexico.
⁵² Allergy & Immunology Centre, Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁵³ National Center for Research in Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Collaborating With WHO-EMRO Tishreen University School of Medicine, Latakia, Syria.
⁵⁴ Al-Sham Private University, Damascus, Syria.
⁵⁵ Japan Antituberculosis Association (JATA), Fukujuji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
⁵⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSSAHER, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
⁵⁷ Departement of Biological Sciences and Pathophysiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
⁵⁸ Section of Rhinology and Allergy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
⁵⁹ Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
⁶⁰ Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
⁶¹ Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
⁶² UBIAir-Clinical & Experimental Lung Centre and CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
⁶³ Pneumologie, AP-HP Centre Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.
⁶⁴ UMR 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.
⁶⁵ Inserm, Equipe d'Epidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, Villejuif, France.
⁶⁶ Department of Immunoallergology, Cova da Beira University Hospital Centre, Covilhã, Portugal.
⁶⁷ UBIAir-Clinical & Experimental Lung Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
⁶⁸ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶⁹ Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁷⁰ Pediatrics, Allergy & Immunology, Latín American Society of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (SLAAi), Montevideo, Uruguay.
⁷¹ Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.
⁷² Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China.
⁷³ ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁴ Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁷⁵ Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador.
⁷⁶ Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador.
⁷⁷ Servicio de Alergia e Immunologia, Clinica Santa Isabel, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷⁸ Global NCD Platform, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁷⁹ Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
⁸⁰ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
⁸¹ Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
⁸² Adult Allergy and Immunology Division-Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
⁸³ Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Porto Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁸⁴ Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
⁸⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania.
⁸⁶ Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
⁸⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
⁸⁸ Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
⁸⁹ Respiratory and Allergy Clinic, IRCCS - Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
⁹⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁹¹ CHRC, LA-REAL, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
⁹² Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁹³ Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
⁹⁴ SOS Allergology and Clinical Immunology, USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy.
⁹⁵ Allergy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.
⁹⁶ Department of Internal Medicine 'A. Murri' and Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
⁹⁷ Faculty of Public Health, Sofia Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
⁹⁸ Latvian Association of Allergists, University Children Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
⁹⁹ Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
¹⁰⁰ CINTESIS@RISE, Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Competence Center on Active and Healthy Ageing, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁰¹ Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Duilio Casula", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
¹⁰² VIM Suresnes, UMR 0892, Pôle des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France.
¹⁰³ Medical Faculty Skopje, University Clinic of Pulmonology and Allergy, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
¹⁰⁴ Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, St Joseph University, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Kazakhstan Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
¹⁰⁸ Institute of Clinical Medicine, Children's Clinic, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia.
¹⁰⁹ Poltava State Medical University, Immunology & Allergology Department, Poltava, Ukraine.
¹¹⁰ Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
¹¹¹ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹¹² Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹¹³ Sach's Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹¹⁴ Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹¹⁵ Department of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology, Allergology and Medical Genetics, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
¹¹⁶ Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)-National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
¹¹⁷ Croatian Pulmonary Society, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia.
¹¹⁸ Asthma, COPD Outpatient Care Unit, University Medical Center, Hô-Chi-Minh, Vietnam.
¹¹⁹ Allergy Unit "D Kalogeromitros", 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
¹²⁰ Clinic for Pulmonary Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbian Association for Asthma and COPD, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹²¹ Division of Respiratory Disease and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
¹²² Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD, Msida, Malta.
¹²³ EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
¹²⁴ Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal.
¹²⁵ Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹²⁶ Rhinology Unit & Smell Clínic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona; FRCB-IDIBAPS; CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain.
¹²⁷ Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.
¹²⁸ Inserm, Équipe d'Epidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, Villejuif, France.
¹²⁹ Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
¹³⁰ University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
¹³¹ Center of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Santa Fe, Argentina.
¹³² Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
¹³³ ENT Department, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
¹³⁴ Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Alfred Health, Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹³⁵ Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
¹³⁶ Chiba Rosai Hospital, ENT Department, Chiba, Japan.
¹³⁷ Chiba University Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba, Japan.
¹³⁸ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹³⁹ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁴¹ Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, "Santa Maria della Speranza" Hospital, Battipaglia, Salerno, Italy.
¹⁴² Agency of Health ASL, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Salerno, Italy.
¹⁴³ Postgraduate Programme in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
¹⁴⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁴⁵ Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
¹⁴⁶ Clinic of Occupational Diseases, University Hospital Sveti Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria.
¹⁴⁷ IRCCS Humanitas Research Center, Personalized Medicine Asthma & Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Pulmonology and Allergology, Klaipeda National Hospital, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
¹⁴⁹ Vilnius University Medical Faculty, Department of Political Behaviour and Institutions, Vilnius, Lithuania.
¹⁵⁰ Division of Adult and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of the Philippines - Philippines General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.
¹⁵¹ Department of Allergy, Clinics Hospital, National University, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
¹⁵² Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
¹⁵³ The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK.
¹⁵⁴ NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
¹⁵⁵ LEADER Research Inc, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁵⁶ Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.
¹⁵⁷ Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
¹⁵⁸ ARIA, Asthma, Rhinitis, Immunology & Allergy Department, Athens, Greece.
¹⁵⁹ Allergy Service, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, CIBERES-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁶⁰ PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
¹⁶¹ Allergy & Asthma, Medical Director, CLINICA SISUL, FACAAI, SPAAI, Asuncion, Paraguay.
¹⁶² Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁶³ Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional de Niños, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
¹⁶⁴ Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
¹⁶⁵ Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹⁶⁶ Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
¹⁶⁷ International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG, Aberdeen, UK.
¹⁶⁸ Health Planning Unit, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
¹⁶⁹ Department of Medicine, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil.
¹⁷⁰ Department of Lung Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹⁷¹ Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Pneumologie et Medicine Respiratoire, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France.
¹⁷² FiLHA, Finnish Lung Health Association, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁷³ Department of Clinical Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹⁷⁴ Nova Southeastern University, College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
¹⁷⁵ Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
¹⁷⁶ Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Allergy and Venerology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁷⁷ The Allergy and Asthma Institute, Allergy & Asthma Department, Islamabad, Pakistan.
¹⁷⁸ University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Pulmonary & Allergy Department, Golnik, Slovenia.
¹⁷⁹ Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹⁸⁰ Pulmonary Department, Rashid Hospital, DUBAI Health, Dubai, UAE.
¹⁸¹ Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
¹⁸² Department of Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain.
¹⁸³ Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy.
¹⁸⁴ BIOS S.p.A. Società Benefit, Rome, Italy.
¹⁸⁵ Department of Allergy and Immunology, Para State University Center - CESUPA, Belém, Brazil.
¹⁸⁶ Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
¹⁸⁷ Respiratory Medicine, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy.
¹⁸⁸ Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
¹⁸⁹ Department of Pediatric Allergology, Armand Trousseau University Hospital, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Paris, France.
¹⁹⁰ French National Reference Center for Angioedema (CREAK), Saint-Antoine University Hospital, Paris, France.
¹⁹¹ CRESS, Inserm, INRAE, HERA Team, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.
¹⁹² Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
¹⁹³ Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Mauriziano Hospital, Torino, Italy.
¹⁹⁴ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany.
¹⁹⁵ Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
¹⁹⁶ Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Vall D'hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁹⁷ ARADyAL Research Network, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁹⁸ Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁹⁹ CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, Group of Rhinitis, Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps, Area of Asthma, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁰⁰ Clinique des Bronches, Allergie et Sommeil, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France.
²⁰¹ National eHealth Living Lab, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
²⁰² Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
²⁰³ Department of Allergology and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
²⁰⁴ Allergist, David Tvildiani Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
²⁰⁵ Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
²⁰⁶ Paediatric Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Amersham Hospital - NHS Hospital Trust, Amersham, UK.
²⁰⁷ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
²⁰⁸ Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University and the Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
²⁰⁹ Medical Faculty, ENT Department, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
²¹⁰ Scientific & Medical Department, Lofarma S.p.A, Milan, Italy.
²¹¹ Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
²¹² Allergy Service, University Hospital Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago (HU-UFSC/EBSERH), Florianópolis, Brazil.
²¹³ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.
²¹⁴ Division of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, High Specialty Hospital 'a Cardarelli', and Respiratory Allergy School of Specialization in Respiratory Diseases, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
²¹⁵ Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
²¹⁶ Office of Research, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia.
²¹⁷ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
²¹⁸ Dr Agostinho Neto University Hospital, Epidemiology Department, Praia, Cabo Verde.
²¹⁹ Immunology, Cabo Verde University, Faculty of Medicine, Praia, Cape Verde.
²²⁰ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
²²¹ Allergist, Private Practice, Mexico City, Mexico.
²²² Department of Internal Diseases, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
²²³ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Asthma, Laboratory of Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, EgeSAM (Ege University Translational Pulmonary Research, Center), Bornova, Türkiye.
²²⁴ Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Salta, Salta, Argentina.
²²⁵ Allergy and Clinical Immunology Centro Regional, Hospital Universitario, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico.
²²⁶ Center of Allergy and Immunology, and Georgian Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia.
²²⁷ Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Air Force General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
²²⁸ Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
²²⁹ Immunology and Allergy Division, Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
²³⁰ Quality Use of Research Medicines Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie Park NSW, Australia.
²³¹ Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia.
²³² Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
²³³ Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.
²³⁴ Otolaryngology Department, General Hospital of Kalamata, Kalamata, Greece.
²³⁵ Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
²³⁶ Clinical Management Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
²³⁷ Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
²³⁸ Departmental Unit of Allergology, Clinical Immunology & Pneumology, Istituto Ospedaliero Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy.
²³⁹ Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital AOU delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
²⁴⁰ Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
²⁴¹ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.
²⁴² Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Salzburg Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
²⁴³ Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
²⁴⁴ Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Tirana, Albania.
²⁴⁵ UMF-University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila', Pneumology Department, National Institute of Pneumology 'Marius Nasta', Bucharest, Romania.
²⁴⁶ Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Byalistok, Poland.
²⁴⁷ Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
²⁴⁸ Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
²⁴⁹ Otorhinolaryngology and Neck Surgery Unit, San Juan de Dios National Hospital, San Miguel, El Salvador.
²⁵⁰ Ecole Polytechnique de Palaiseau, Palaiseau, France.
²⁵¹ IRBA (Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale Des Armées), Brétigny sur Orge, France.
²⁵² Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
²⁵³ Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología clínica, Hospital Universitario de Puebla, Puebla, México.
²⁵⁴ Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
²⁵⁵ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dar Al Shifa Hospital, Salmiya, Kuwait.
²⁵⁶ Center Allergy & Immunology and Geomedi Teaching University, Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.
²⁵⁷ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
²⁵⁸ Mohammed Bin Rashid University (MBRU), Dubai Health, Dubai, UAE.
²⁵⁹ Asthma Reference Center-School of Medicine of Santa Casa de Misericórdia of Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
²⁶⁰ ORL SOKLIC KOSAK, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
²⁶¹ Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁶² Head of Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Aerobiology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.
²⁶³ Clinic of Allergology and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
²⁶⁴ Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
²⁶⁵ Department of Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Czech Republic.
²⁶⁶ Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
²⁶⁷ Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁶⁸ Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁶⁹ Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁷⁰ Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
²⁷¹ Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand.
²⁷² Samitivej Allergy Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.
²⁷³ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
²⁷⁴ Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
²⁷⁵ ENT and Allergology, Düsseldorf, Germany.
²⁷⁶ Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

PMID: 41268627
DOI: 10.1111/all.70100

Methodology for the Development of the Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-EAACI 2024-2025 Guidelines: From Evidence-to-Decision Frameworks to Digitalised Shared Decision-Making Algorithms

Jean Bousquet et al. Allergy. 2025.

. 2025 Nov 21.

doi: 10.1111/all.70100. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
² Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany.
³ ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma), Montpellier, France.
⁴ MEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁵ CINTESIS@RISE-Health Research Network, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁶ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
⁷ Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
⁸ Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Maryland, USA.
⁹ Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁰ Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
¹¹ Clinic of Asthma, Allergy, and Chronic Lung Diseases, Asthma & Allergy Department, Vilnius, Lithuania.
¹² International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG, Edinburgh, UK.
¹³ Medical Consulting Czarlewski, Levallois, France.
¹⁴ Allergy Unit, Málaga Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Malaga University, ARADyAL, Malaga, Spain.
¹⁵ National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College, and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
¹⁶ Allergy Center, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal.
¹⁷ Asthma & Allergy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
¹⁸ Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁹ Section of Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
²⁰ "Respiriamo Insieme" Association, Asthma & Allergy Center, Padova, Italy.
²¹ Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
²² Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Allergology & Rhinology Department, Wiesbaden, Germany.
²³ Department of Political Science, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
²⁴ RISE-Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
²⁵ Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland.
²⁶ Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
²⁷ PaCeIT-Patient Centered Innovation and Technologies, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
²⁸ Allergy Unit, Instituto and Hospital CUF, Porto, Portugal.
²⁹ Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.
³⁰ Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
³¹ CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
³² Department of Allergy, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
³³ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Eastern Finland and the North Savo Wellbeing Services County, Kuopio, Finland.
³⁴ Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
³⁵ Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), Bari, Italy.
³⁶ School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
³⁷ Pulmonology Service, Internal Medicine Section, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, University Hospital, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
³⁸ Fundaçao ProAR and (Faculdade de Medicina da), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
³⁹ Casa di Cura Villa Montallegro, Allergology Department, Genova, Italy.
⁴⁰ Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Institute of Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁴¹ Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁴² Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy.
⁴³ Department of Immunology and Allergology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
⁴⁴ Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
⁴⁵ Institute of Clinical Immunology and Medical Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pulmonology and Phthisiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia.
⁴⁶ Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
⁴⁷ University Teaching Hospital Martin, Martin, Slovakia.
⁴⁸ Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
⁴⁹ Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
⁵⁰ Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
⁵¹ Center of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy, Médica Sur Clinical Foundation and Hospital, México City, Mexico.
⁵² Allergy & Immunology Centre, Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁵³ National Center for Research in Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Collaborating With WHO-EMRO Tishreen University School of Medicine, Latakia, Syria.
⁵⁴ Al-Sham Private University, Damascus, Syria.
⁵⁵ Japan Antituberculosis Association (JATA), Fukujuji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
⁵⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSSAHER, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
⁵⁷ Departement of Biological Sciences and Pathophysiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
⁵⁸ Section of Rhinology and Allergy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
⁵⁹ Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
⁶⁰ Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
⁶¹ Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
⁶² UBIAir-Clinical & Experimental Lung Centre and CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
⁶³ Pneumologie, AP-HP Centre Université de Paris Cité, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.
⁶⁴ UMR 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.
⁶⁵ Inserm, Equipe d'Epidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, Villejuif, France.
⁶⁶ Department of Immunoallergology, Cova da Beira University Hospital Centre, Covilhã, Portugal.
⁶⁷ UBIAir-Clinical & Experimental Lung Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
⁶⁸ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶⁹ Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁷⁰ Pediatrics, Allergy & Immunology, Latín American Society of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (SLAAi), Montevideo, Uruguay.
⁷¹ Pulmonary Environmental Epidemiology Unit, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.
⁷² Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China.
⁷³ ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁴ Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁷⁵ Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador.
⁷⁶ Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador.
⁷⁷ Servicio de Alergia e Immunologia, Clinica Santa Isabel, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷⁸ Global NCD Platform, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁷⁹ Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
⁸⁰ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
⁸¹ Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
⁸² Adult Allergy and Immunology Division-Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
⁸³ Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Porto Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
⁸⁴ Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
⁸⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania.
⁸⁶ Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
⁸⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
⁸⁸ Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
⁸⁹ Respiratory and Allergy Clinic, IRCCS - Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
⁹⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁹¹ CHRC, LA-REAL, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
⁹² Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁹³ Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
⁹⁴ SOS Allergology and Clinical Immunology, USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy.
⁹⁵ Allergy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.
⁹⁶ Department of Internal Medicine 'A. Murri' and Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
⁹⁷ Faculty of Public Health, Sofia Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
⁹⁸ Latvian Association of Allergists, University Children Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
⁹⁹ Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
¹⁰⁰ CINTESIS@RISE, Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Competence Center on Active and Healthy Ageing, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁰¹ Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Duilio Casula", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
¹⁰² VIM Suresnes, UMR 0892, Pôle des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France.
¹⁰³ Medical Faculty Skopje, University Clinic of Pulmonology and Allergy, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
¹⁰⁴ Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, St Joseph University, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Kazakhstan Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
¹⁰⁸ Institute of Clinical Medicine, Children's Clinic, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia.
¹⁰⁹ Poltava State Medical University, Immunology & Allergology Department, Poltava, Ukraine.
¹¹⁰ Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
¹¹¹ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹¹² Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹¹³ Sach's Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹¹⁴ Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹¹⁵ Department of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology, Allergology and Medical Genetics, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
¹¹⁶ Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)-National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
¹¹⁷ Croatian Pulmonary Society, Clinical Center for Pulmonary Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia.
¹¹⁸ Asthma, COPD Outpatient Care Unit, University Medical Center, Hô-Chi-Minh, Vietnam.
¹¹⁹ Allergy Unit "D Kalogeromitros", 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
¹²⁰ Clinic for Pulmonary Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbian Association for Asthma and COPD, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹²¹ Division of Respiratory Disease and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
¹²² Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD, Msida, Malta.
¹²³ EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
¹²⁴ Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal.
¹²⁵ Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹²⁶ Rhinology Unit & Smell Clínic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona; FRCB-IDIBAPS; CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain.
¹²⁷ Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.
¹²⁸ Inserm, Équipe d'Epidémiologie Respiratoire Intégrative, Villejuif, France.
¹²⁹ Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
¹³⁰ University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
¹³¹ Center of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Santa Fe, Argentina.
¹³² Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
¹³³ ENT Department, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
¹³⁴ Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Alfred Health, Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹³⁵ Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
¹³⁶ Chiba Rosai Hospital, ENT Department, Chiba, Japan.
¹³⁷ Chiba University Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba, Japan.
¹³⁸ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹³⁹ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁴¹ Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, "Santa Maria della Speranza" Hospital, Battipaglia, Salerno, Italy.
¹⁴² Agency of Health ASL, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Salerno, Italy.
¹⁴³ Postgraduate Programme in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
¹⁴⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁴⁵ Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
¹⁴⁶ Clinic of Occupational Diseases, University Hospital Sveti Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria.
¹⁴⁷ IRCCS Humanitas Research Center, Personalized Medicine Asthma & Allergy, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Pulmonology and Allergology, Klaipeda National Hospital, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
¹⁴⁹ Vilnius University Medical Faculty, Department of Political Behaviour and Institutions, Vilnius, Lithuania.
¹⁵⁰ Division of Adult and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of the Philippines - Philippines General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.
¹⁵¹ Department of Allergy, Clinics Hospital, National University, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
¹⁵² Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
¹⁵³ The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK.
¹⁵⁴ NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
¹⁵⁵ LEADER Research Inc, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁵⁶ Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.
¹⁵⁷ Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
¹⁵⁸ ARIA, Asthma, Rhinitis, Immunology & Allergy Department, Athens, Greece.
¹⁵⁹ Allergy Service, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, CIBERES-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁶⁰ PROMISE Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
¹⁶¹ Allergy & Asthma, Medical Director, CLINICA SISUL, FACAAI, SPAAI, Asuncion, Paraguay.
¹⁶² Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁶³ Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional de Niños, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
¹⁶⁴ Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
¹⁶⁵ Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹⁶⁶ Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
¹⁶⁷ International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG, Aberdeen, UK.
¹⁶⁸ Health Planning Unit, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
¹⁶⁹ Department of Medicine, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil.
¹⁷⁰ Department of Lung Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹⁷¹ Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Pneumologie et Medicine Respiratoire, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France.
¹⁷² FiLHA, Finnish Lung Health Association, Helsinki, Finland.
¹⁷³ Department of Clinical Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
¹⁷⁴ Nova Southeastern University, College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
¹⁷⁵ Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
¹⁷⁶ Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Allergy and Venerology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁷⁷ The Allergy and Asthma Institute, Allergy & Asthma Department, Islamabad, Pakistan.
¹⁷⁸ University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Pulmonary & Allergy Department, Golnik, Slovenia.
¹⁷⁹ Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹⁸⁰ Pulmonary Department, Rashid Hospital, DUBAI Health, Dubai, UAE.
¹⁸¹ Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
¹⁸² Department of Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain.
¹⁸³ Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy.
¹⁸⁴ BIOS S.p.A. Società Benefit, Rome, Italy.
¹⁸⁵ Department of Allergy and Immunology, Para State University Center - CESUPA, Belém, Brazil.
¹⁸⁶ Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
¹⁸⁷ Respiratory Medicine, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy.
¹⁸⁸ Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
¹⁸⁹ Department of Pediatric Allergology, Armand Trousseau University Hospital, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Paris, France.
¹⁹⁰ French National Reference Center for Angioedema (CREAK), Saint-Antoine University Hospital, Paris, France.
¹⁹¹ CRESS, Inserm, INRAE, HERA Team, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.
¹⁹² Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
¹⁹³ Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Mauriziano Hospital, Torino, Italy.
¹⁹⁴ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany.
¹⁹⁵ Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
¹⁹⁶ Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Vall D'hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁹⁷ ARADyAL Research Network, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁹⁸ Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁹⁹ CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, Group of Rhinitis, Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps, Area of Asthma, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁰⁰ Clinique des Bronches, Allergie et Sommeil, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France.
²⁰¹ National eHealth Living Lab, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
²⁰² Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
²⁰³ Department of Allergology and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
²⁰⁴ Allergist, David Tvildiani Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
²⁰⁵ Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
²⁰⁶ Paediatric Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Amersham Hospital - NHS Hospital Trust, Amersham, UK.
²⁰⁷ Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
²⁰⁸ Evidence in Allergy Group, McMaster University and the Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
²⁰⁹ Medical Faculty, ENT Department, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
²¹⁰ Scientific & Medical Department, Lofarma S.p.A, Milan, Italy.
²¹¹ Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
²¹² Allergy Service, University Hospital Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago (HU-UFSC/EBSERH), Florianópolis, Brazil.
²¹³ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.
²¹⁴ Division of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, High Specialty Hospital 'a Cardarelli', and Respiratory Allergy School of Specialization in Respiratory Diseases, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
²¹⁵ Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
²¹⁶ Office of Research, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia.
²¹⁷ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
²¹⁸ Dr Agostinho Neto University Hospital, Epidemiology Department, Praia, Cabo Verde.
²¹⁹ Immunology, Cabo Verde University, Faculty of Medicine, Praia, Cape Verde.
²²⁰ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
²²¹ Allergist, Private Practice, Mexico City, Mexico.
²²² Department of Internal Diseases, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
²²³ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Asthma, Laboratory of Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, EgeSAM (Ege University Translational Pulmonary Research, Center), Bornova, Türkiye.
²²⁴ Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Salta, Salta, Argentina.
²²⁵ Allergy and Clinical Immunology Centro Regional, Hospital Universitario, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico.
²²⁶ Center of Allergy and Immunology, and Georgian Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia.
²²⁷ Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Air Force General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
²²⁸ Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
²²⁹ Immunology and Allergy Division, Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
²³⁰ Quality Use of Research Medicines Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie Park NSW, Australia.
²³¹ Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia.
²³² Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
²³³ Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.
²³⁴ Otolaryngology Department, General Hospital of Kalamata, Kalamata, Greece.
²³⁵ Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
²³⁶ Clinical Management Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
²³⁷ Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
²³⁸ Departmental Unit of Allergology, Clinical Immunology & Pneumology, Istituto Ospedaliero Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy.
²³⁹ Allergy Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital AOU delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
²⁴⁰ Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
²⁴¹ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.
²⁴² Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Salzburg Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
²⁴³ Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
²⁴⁴ Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Tirana, Albania.
²⁴⁵ UMF-University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila', Pneumology Department, National Institute of Pneumology 'Marius Nasta', Bucharest, Romania.
²⁴⁶ Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Byalistok, Poland.
²⁴⁷ Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
²⁴⁸ Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
²⁴⁹ Otorhinolaryngology and Neck Surgery Unit, San Juan de Dios National Hospital, San Miguel, El Salvador.
²⁵⁰ Ecole Polytechnique de Palaiseau, Palaiseau, France.
²⁵¹ IRBA (Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale Des Armées), Brétigny sur Orge, France.
²⁵² Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
²⁵³ Servicio de Alergia e Inmunología clínica, Hospital Universitario de Puebla, Puebla, México.
²⁵⁴ Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
²⁵⁵ Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dar Al Shifa Hospital, Salmiya, Kuwait.
²⁵⁶ Center Allergy & Immunology and Geomedi Teaching University, Faculty of Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.
²⁵⁷ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
²⁵⁸ Mohammed Bin Rashid University (MBRU), Dubai Health, Dubai, UAE.
²⁵⁹ Asthma Reference Center-School of Medicine of Santa Casa de Misericórdia of Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
²⁶⁰ ORL SOKLIC KOSAK, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
²⁶¹ Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁶² Head of Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Aerobiology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.
²⁶³ Clinic of Allergology and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
²⁶⁴ Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
²⁶⁵ Department of Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Czech Republic.
²⁶⁶ Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
²⁶⁷ Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁶⁸ Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁶⁹ Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁷⁰ Department of Chest Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
²⁷¹ Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand.
²⁷² Samitivej Allergy Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.
²⁷³ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
²⁷⁴ Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
²⁷⁵ ENT and Allergology, Düsseldorf, Germany.
²⁷⁶ Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

PMID: 41268627
DOI: 10.1111/all.70100

Abstract

The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines produced their first edition in 1999, with subsequent revisions in 2008, 2010, 2016 and 2019. A new iteration of ARIA-ARIA 2024-2025-in collaboration with EAACI is currently being developed, focusing on the management of allergic rhinitis. ARIA 2024-2025 follows the GRADE framework and is endorsed by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). A set of approaches has been used to develop guideline questions, including surveying key opinion leaders and using artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools to analyse web searches on allergic rhinitis and to generate questions. Each prioritised guideline question is assessed through an Evidence-to-Decision (EtD) framework. EtDs support the systematic and transparent formulation of recommendations, comprising 12 criteria for which the best available evidence should be sought. In the context of ARIA-EAACI 2024-2025, such evidence is derived not only from randomised controlled trials but also-among others-from patient-generated data sources that better reflect the affected individuals' perspectives. Moreover, ARIA-EAACI 2024-2025 incorporates evidence on planetary health. Developed guideline recommendations will support the creation of digitalised decision algorithms and care pathways. This paper describes the methodology used to develop the person-centred, digitally enabled and AI-assisted ARIA-EAACI 2024-2025. Among others, it describes (i) the development and prioritisation of guideline questions, (ii) sources of evidence for EtDs and (iii) the development of digitalised decision algorithms and care pathways.

Keywords: ENT (rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal polyps…); allergic rhinitis; asthma; guidelines.

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References

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Methodology for the Development of the Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-EAACI 2024-2025 Guidelines: From Evidence-to-Decision Frameworks to Digitalised Shared Decision-Making Algorithms

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Methodology for the Development of the Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-EAACI 2024-2025 Guidelines: From Evidence-to-Decision Frameworks to Digitalised Shared Decision-Making Algorithms

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