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. 2025 Dec;19(12):e70184.
doi: 10.1111/irv.70184.

The Epidemiology, Phylogeny, and Strain Antigenicity of an Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Outbreak Among Vaccinated US Navy Midshipmen

Simon D Pollett  1   2 , Emily Hone  1   2 , Stephanie A Richard  1   2 , Kat Schmidt  1   2 , Mark P Simons  1 , Michele Wayman  1   2 , Jennifer Rothenberg  1   2 , Vivian Hogan  1   2 , Robert J O'Connell  1 , Timothy H Burgess  1 , Daniel Ewing  3 , Appavu K Sundaram  3 , Anthony C Fries  4 , Drake H Tilley  5 , Rhonda E Colombo  1   2   6
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Free article

The Epidemiology, Phylogeny, and Strain Antigenicity of an Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Outbreak Among Vaccinated US Navy Midshipmen

Simon D Pollett et al. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2025 Dec.
Free article

Abstract

We performed epidemiological, genetic, and antigenic characterization of an influenza A/H3N2 outbreak in a congregate setting of young adults with high vaccination rates. We noted substantial duty-days lost, rapid spread, and vaccine antigenic divergence. The risk of influenza in healthy vaccinated adults underscores the need to develop universal influenza vaccines.

Keywords: US navy; epidemiology; influenza A/H3N2; outbreak; phylogeny; vaccinated.

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