Clinical Features of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: a Case Series from the 2024 Oregon Outbreak

Keahi M Horowitz^{1

2}, Colleen P Cowdery^{3

4}, Robert G Hendrickson^{3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Oregon Poison Center, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park R, CSB 550, Portland, OR, 97239, United States of America. horowitz@ohsu.edu.
² Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America. horowitz@ohsu.edu.
³ Oregon Poison Center, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park R, CSB 550, Portland, OR, 97239, United States of America.
⁴ Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America.

Keahi M Horowitz et al. J Med Toxicol. 2025.

. 2025 Nov 28.

doi: 10.1007/s13181-025-01112-6. Online ahead of print.

Keahi M Horowitz^{1

2}, Colleen P Cowdery^{3

4}, Robert G Hendrickson^{3

4}

¹ Oregon Poison Center, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park R, CSB 550, Portland, OR, 97239, United States of America. horowitz@ohsu.edu.
² Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America. horowitz@ohsu.edu.
³ Oregon Poison Center, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park R, CSB 550, Portland, OR, 97239, United States of America.
⁴ Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America.

No abstract available

Keywords: Bivalvia; Disease outbreaks; Paralysis; Paralytic shellfish poisoning; Saxitoxin.

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Disclosures: None. The authors have no competing interests or financial disclosures to declare.

1. Trevejo RT, Hunter M, Gilbreath T, Walton M, Bancroft JE, DeBess EE, et al. Paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreak - Oregon, United States, 2024. J Food Prot. 2025;88(10):100590. - DOI - PubMed
1. McIntyre L, Miller A, Kosatsky T. Changing trends in paralytic shellfish poisonings reflect increasing sea surface temperatures and practices of indigenous and recreational harvesters in British Columbia, Canada. Mar Drugs. 2021;19(10):568. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19100568 . - DOI - PubMed - PMC
1. Gribble MO, Bennett BJ, Liddie JM, Borchert W, Pfluger BA, Segars JS, et al. Global epidemiology of paralytic shellfish poisoning: a systematic search literature review. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2025;9(8):101271. - DOI - PubMed - PMC
1. Arnich N, Thébault A. Dose-response modelling of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans. Toxins (Basel). 2018;10(4):141. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10040141 . - DOI - PubMed
1. Etheridge SM. Paralytic shellfish poisoning: seafood safety and human health perspectives. Toxicon. 2010;56(2):108–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.12.013 . - DOI - PubMed