The effect of sports massage on state anxiety in elite soccer players

Abstract

Background: A sports massage represents an intervention that is frequently used in sports for that purpose, to recover and prepare an athlete for the following match. Studies that link massage and psychological mechanisms are scarce. In the athletic and recreational sport population, most of the studies confirmed a positive correlation between a massage and the improvement of different psychological states. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Sports Massage intervention on pre-match anxiety.

Methods: A total of 26 elite soccer players participated in this study and were pretest and posttest by using the Quasi-Experimental study design, quantitatively. The instrument used in this study was State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The state anxiety inventory was administered to the soccer players 30-45 min before the competition. There were two phases of instrument measurement in this study namely pre-massage (pretest) and post-massage (posttest).

Results: Binary logistic regression analysis was performed. There was a significant difference in the between pre massage anxiety and post massage anxiety (p < 0.05). Thus, the logistic regression model was effective in predicting the relationship between massage intervention and with reduction of anxiety. In a complementary logistic model, the odds of high anxiety were lower after massage (OR = 0.85; 95% CI) and ROC analysis yielded AUC = 0.76. Post-massage STAI-State scores were lower than pre-massage (mean ± SD: 28.35 ± 5.36 vs. 35.15 ± 7.70); we report the effect size (Cohen's d value = 1.03) and 95% CI for interpretability.

Conclusion: The study found that pre-match massage significantly affected the state anxiety of elite soccer players. Soccer players who had a massage showed 0.849 times smaller anxiety scores than did the players who had not. This finding suggests the efficacy of sports massage as an effective intervention to reduce pre-competition anxiety in elite soccer players.

Keywords: elite soccer players; performance enhancement; pre-match anxiety; psychological intervention; sports massage; state anxiety.

Figure 1

When the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable is examined, one unit change in massage affects state anxiety score by 0.1634 units (A). Testing the predictive power of state anxiety using receiver operating characteristic curve. Area under the curve (AUC) and p value are indicated. The predictive power of state anxiety variable individually was evaluated using the area under a ROC curve (AUC). Analysis was performed non-massage (n = 26) and massage (n = 26) volunteers (B).