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. 2025 Dec 18;14(24):3859.
doi: 10.3390/plants14243859.

Development of Maize Planting Method Based on Site-Specific Soil Moisture for Improving Seedling Traits in the Northern China Dryland

Haoming Li  1 , Jialu Sun  1 , Li Yang  1   2 , Dongxing Zhang  1   2 , Tao Cui  1   2 , Kailiang Zhang  1   2 , Xiantao He  1   2 , Xinpeng Wang  1 , Yingxuan Wu  1
Affiliations

Development of Maize Planting Method Based on Site-Specific Soil Moisture for Improving Seedling Traits in the Northern China Dryland

Haoming Li et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

Dryland, which mainly retains rain-fed agriculture, is the main type of farmland in China and widely distributed in the northern regions. Rainfall scarcity limits the development of maize at the seedling stage, which adversely affects the increase in maize yields in this region. A planting method that allows variable sowing depths based on the uneven distribution of soil moisture was proposed in this study. This site-specific planting method which fully utilizes available soil water is able to overcome the above problem. The framework of variable depth seeding suitable for this region was constructed: Within the depth range of 5.5 to 8.5 cm in the soil, maize seeds should be sown to a position with a relative soil moisture of 70%. For some drylands without such moisture conditions, seeds can be placed at the position with the highest relative soil moisture in this depth range. Taking the conventional planting method as the control group, the performance of the variable depth planting method in improving maize seedling growth was evaluated. The results showed that the proposed planting method not only increased the emergence rate and the seedling uniformity by 9.31% and 25.29%, respectively, but also raised the mean leaf number and the mean plant height in the same growth period, having a remarkable effect in improving the maize seedling traits. This planting method is easy to be embedded into precision control systems of the maize planter, and will promote the application of soil moisture-based planting technology and thus increase the yield per hectare of maize.

Keywords: dryland; maize; precision planting; seedling uniformity; site-specific planting; soil moisture; sowing depth.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Daily seed emergence at different sowing depth (SD) levels: (a) SD 2.5 cm; (b) SD 4.0 cm; (c) SD 5.5 cm; (d) SD 7.0 cm; and (e) SD 8.5 cm.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Response surface diagrams of interaction for seedling growth indexes: Effect of the interaction of relative soil moisture (RSM) and sowing depth (SD) on (a) emergence rate (ER) and (b) mean leaf number (MLN). Abbreviations: ER/Y1, emergence rate; MLN/Y2, mean leaf number; X1, relative soil moisture; X2, sowing depth.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Calculation results of seedling growth indexes at different combinations of relative soil moisture (RSM) and sowing depth (SD): Calculation results of (a) emergence rate (ER), (b) mean leaf number (MLN), (c) mean plant height (MPH), and (d) uniformity ( Un), respectively. Columns sharing the same letter are not significantly different (p ≥ 0.05).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The seeding process with variable depth planting (VDP) method in the dryland. Abbreviations: RSM, relative soil moisture.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Maize growth under different validation treatments: (a) TCP-a; (b) TCP-b; (c) TCP-c; and (d) VDP-a.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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