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. 2025 Oct 21:28:736-752.
doi: 10.1016/j.xjon.2025.10.005. eCollection 2025 Dec.

A structured, competency-based framework for aspiring cardiothoracic surgeons

Adham Ahmed  1 , Samantha Colon  2 , Gianna J Dafflisio  3 , Purab Kothari  4 , Nina Uzoigwe  5 , Alice Zhou  6 , Juli Buchwald  7 , Betemariam Sharew  8 , Carter Glenn  9 , Steven Medvedovsky  10 , Justin Olivera  11 , Ryan Kramer  2 , Gabrielle Colon  2 , Jonathan M Tomasko  3 , Sara J Pereira  12 , Mara Antonoff  13 , Marc Pelletier  2 , Irbaz Hameed  2
Affiliations

A structured, competency-based framework for aspiring cardiothoracic surgeons

Adham Ahmed et al. JTCVS Open. .

Abstract

Objective: Cardiothoracic surgery requires mastery of a broad knowledge base and advanced skillset to manage critically ill patients. Although competency-based assessment frameworks have been developed in several specialties, there remains a paucity of resources to guide practical progression for early cardiothoracic surgical trainees.

Methods: Members of the Thoracic Surgery Residents Association, Thoracic Surgery Medical Student Association, and attending cardiothoracic surgeons with a strong track record of surgical education were invited to share their insights and experiences. A structured, milestone-driven roadmap was developed on the basis of their contributions.

Results: We developed a structured, competency-based framework for early surgical trainees, with an emphasis on progressive development of clinical knowledge, technical skills, and academic proficiency. Key milestones and applicable resources were curated to help guide independent learning and skill acquisition.

Conclusions: This structured roadmap offers early-stage cardiothoracic surgery trainees a competency-guided path toward proficiency. By providing clear guidance and granular action points, this guide may help facilitate independent learning and prepare residents for advanced cardiothoracic surgical training.

Keywords: education; residency; students.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors reported no conflicts of interest. The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

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Graphical abstract
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Structured, competency-based framework for aspiring cardiothoracic surgeons.
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