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. 2025 Dec 15:13:1724592.
doi: 10.3389/fped.2025.1724592. eCollection 2025.

The CHANSE score: a novel clinical tool incorporating the heel drop test for the diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis

Min Kyo Chun  1   2 , Jun Sung Park  1   2 , Dahyun Kim  1   2 , Jeeho Han  1   2 , Jeong-Yong Lee  1   2 , Jong Seung Lee  3 , Seung Jun Choi  1   2
Affiliations

The CHANSE score: a novel clinical tool incorporating the heel drop test for the diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis

Min Kyo Chun et al. Front Pediatr. .

Abstract

Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common abdominal surgical emergencies in children presenting to the emergency department. Although clinical guidelines emphasize combining symptom characteristics, physical examination findings, and inflammatory markers for accurate diagnosis, pediatric presentations are often atypical and overlap with other conditions. Classic physical signs such as the obturator, psoas, and Rovsing's signs have limited predictive value. The heel drop test has been reported to outperform rebound tenderness in detecting intraperitoneal inflammation, as it is more objective and less susceptible to misinterpretation. However, evidence regarding its diagnostic utility in appendicitis is limited, and its clinical application in pediatric patients has not been specifically examined.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical utility of the heel drop test for diagnosing appendicitis in children and to develop a novel clinical scoring system that incorporates this test.

Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study at a tertiary pediatric emergency center between August 2021 and August 2023. Children with suspected appendicitis underwent standardized clinical and laboratory evaluation, including the heel drop test. Variables significantly associated with appendicitis were identified and used to create a new scoring system (CHANSE: CRP elevation, Heel drop test positivity, Anorexia, Nausea or vomiting, Shift to the left, Elevated WBC). Diagnostic performance was assessed and compared with the Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) using ROC analysis.

Results: Among 142 enrolled children, 84 were diagnosed with appendicitis. A positive heel drop test was significantly more common in the appendicitis group and showed diagnostic performance comparable to cough/percussion/hopping tenderness. The CHANSE score demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy compared with PAS (AUC 0.794 vs. 0.763, p < 0.001). A CHANSE score ≥3 showed predictive characteristics similar to a PAS cutoff ≥7. Higher CHANSE scores were also associated with complicated appendicitis.

Conclusion: The heel drop test is a useful and objective physical examination method for diagnosing pediatric appendicitis. The CHANSE score, which incorporates this test, is a simple and reliable tool with diagnostic performance comparable to or better than PAS. It may also assist in identifying complicated appendicitis and support timely clinical decision-making.

Keywords: appendicitis; clinical scoring system; emergency department (ED); heel drop test; pediatric.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of patient enrollment, exclusions,and final diagnostic classification.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for the CHANSE score and the PAS. CHANSE CRP, Heel drop test, Anorexia, Nausea or vomiting, Shift to left, Elevated WBC PAS Pediatric Appendicitis Score.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Box plot displaying the distribution of the CHANSE score in patients with a normal appendix, uncomplicated appendicitis, and complicated appendicitis. CHANSE CRP, Heel drop test, Anorexia, Nausea or vomiting, Shift to left, Elevated WBC.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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