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. 2026 Jan 6;35(1):24.
doi: 10.1007/s11136-025-04124-5.

The Patient Reported Inventory of Self-Management of Chronic Conditions (PRISM-CC): testing for bias across patient characteristics and languages

Ingrid Olsson  1 , George Kephart  1   2   3 , Tanya Packer  1   3 , Sabine Björk  1   4 , Ulf Isaksson  1   5 , Anna Nordström  6   7 , Åsa Audulv  8
Affiliations

The Patient Reported Inventory of Self-Management of Chronic Conditions (PRISM-CC): testing for bias across patient characteristics and languages

Ingrid Olsson et al. Qual Life Res. .
No abstract available

Keywords: Chronic disease; Differential item functioning; Differential test functioning; Measurement invariance; Patient reported outcome measure; Self-management.

Plain language summary

Health providers and researchers often use questionnaires and surveys to help make decisions, such as who needs treatment or what kind of treatment they need. Misleading or wrong decisions can be made if the tools are not well designed. This study was done to test whether a new tool called the Patient Reported Inventory of Self-Management of Chronic Conditions works equally well for men and women, older and younger people, and those with different levels of education and different numbers of conditions. It also tested whether the tool worked well in English and Swedish. The tool has 36 questions answered by patients, with results showing seven areas that people might find hard to manage. Over 1500 people from around the world provided data for this study. The results show that this tool yields comparable results across different types of patients in either English or Swedish.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors have no relevant financial interests to disclose. However, the PRISM-CC has been developed and is owned by TP, GK and ÅA. Ethical approval: The Healthy Ageing Initiative (HAI) study has received ethical approval from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority and the Regional Ethics Review Board in Umeå in 2007 (Dnr 2012-85-32 M- and dnr 07-031 M), and a complementary ethical application for this project was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Umeå in 2020 (Dnr 2020–02387). This study was performed in agreement with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent to participate: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Overview of the PRISM-CC development process
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
DTF analysis of bias for the two domains with the largest DIF in the English dataset. The left-hand panels (labelled “a”) show the difference in test characteristic curves (i.e. expected summative test scores by level of theta) due to DIF. The two right-hand panels (labelled “b” and “c”) show the estimated distribution of bias in individual scores due to DIF
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
DTF analysis of bias for the two domains with the largest DIF in the Swedish dataset. The left-hand panels (labelled “a”) show the difference in test characteristic curves (i.e. expected summative test scores by level of theta) due to DIF. The two right-hand panels (labelled “b” and “c”) show the estimated distribution of bias in individual scores due to DIF
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
DTF analysis of bias for the two domains with the largest DIF across languages. The left-hand panels (labelled “a”) show the difference in test characteristic curves (i.e. expected summative test scores by level of theta) due to DIF. The two right-hand panels (labelled “b” and “c”) show the estimated distribution of bias in individual scores due to DIF
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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