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Editorial
. 2025 Dec 31;17(12):10590-10595.
doi: 10.21037/jtd-2025-aw-2034. Epub 2025 Dec 29.

LEAP-006: limits and potential of integrating anti-angiogenic agents into first-line multimodal therapy for non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer

Valentina Santo  1 , Edoardo Garbo  1 , Federica Pecci  1 , Mihaela Aldea  1 , Biagio Ricciuti  1 , Eleonora Gariazzo  1
Affiliations
Editorial

LEAP-006: limits and potential of integrating anti-angiogenic agents into first-line multimodal therapy for non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer

Valentina Santo et al. J Thorac Dis. .
No abstract available

Keywords: LEAP-006; Non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (non-SQ NSCLC); anti-vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor therapy [anti-VEGF(R) therapy]; immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); lenvatinib.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-2025-aw-2034/coif). V.S. was supported by an American-Italian Cancer Foundation Post-Doctoral Fellowship, year 2025–2026. F.P. declares personal fees from EMD SeronoEMD Serono, Inc. and is supported by Fondazione Gianni Bonadonna Fellowship 2024, in collaboration with the European School of Oncology. M.A. declares research funding from AstraZeneca, Amgen, Owkin, Lifen, and Sandoz. B.R. declares advisory board/consultant: Amgen, Regeneron, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Bristol-Mayer Squibb, Bayer, Caris Life, and Lilly; honoraria: AstraZeneca, Society for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, and Targeted Oncology; speakers bureau: AstraZeneca, and Regeneron; travel support: Regeneron, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Mayer Squibb, and Genentech; and research funding to institution: AstraZeneca. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of VEGF-mediated immunosuppression and the rationale for combined VEGF(R) and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition. (A) Immunosuppressive effects of VEGF on the TME. (B) Synergistic effects of PD-1/PD-L1 and VEGF(R) inhibitors on the TME. DC, dendritic cell; HIF-1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1; MHC II, major histocompatibility complex class II; PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; T-reg, regulatory T cell; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; TCR, T cell receptor; TME, tumor microenvironment; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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