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. 2026 Jan 13:10:e83144.
doi: 10.2196/83144.

Developing a Customizable Texting Intervention for Diabetes Self-Management: Participatory Design Approach

Stephanie A Robinson  1   2 , Popy Shell  3 , Linda Am  1 , Courtney L Bilodeau  1 , Howard S Gordon  4   5 , Constance R Uphold  3   6 , Varsha G Vimalananda  1   7 , Sarah L Cutrona  1   8 , Timothy P Hogan  1   9 , Bridget Smith  10 , Stephanie L Shimada  1   8   11
Affiliations

Developing a Customizable Texting Intervention for Diabetes Self-Management: Participatory Design Approach

Stephanie A Robinson et al. JMIR Form Res. .

Abstract

Background: Uncontrolled diabetes contributes to serious comorbidities and mortality. Effective self-management can improve outcomes, though barriers such as limited education and support often prevent patients from engaging in such behaviors. Automated texting systems show promise to deliver diabetes self-management education as they are accessible and scalable. Furthermore, customizing these systems may further enhance patient engagement compared to standard, one-size-fits-all approaches. However, such customization is more resource-intensive, and it remains unclear whether the added effort meaningfully enhances diabetes self-management and outcomes.

Objective: This study aimed to describe the development of 2 versions of an automated texting system intervention for diabetes self-management: (1) a standard, education-only intervention (Diabetes Self-Management Support; DSMS) and (2) an interactive, customizable intervention (Diabetes Self-Management Support + Interactive and Customizable Messages; DSMS+).

Methods: Two versions of an automated texting system intervention were developed using a participatory design approach that incorporated input from veterans and expert clinicians. Message content was refined through feedback from a multidisciplinary team, veteran coinvestigators, national surveys, interviews, clinical expert panel reviews, and beta testing. Surveys were mailed to 1000 potential participants, oversampling rural, low-income, minority, and female participants. Respondents rated message relevance and provided preferences for content, timing, and frequency. Interviews provided customization preferences. A clinical expert panel reviewed all messages for safety and appropriateness. Beta testing informed final refinements.

Results: Ninety-two surveys were completed (9.2% response rate). Respondents rated 62% of the messages as personally relevant and 61% confidence-enhancing. Interviews with 23 respondents revealed a preference for 1-2 texts per day, emphasizing topics such as healthy eating and weight management. The clinical expert panel reviewed 536 messages, flagging 81 for revision. Beta testing confirmed feasibility and informed refinements to clarity and timing. The 2 resulting interventions were built in the US Department of Veterans Affairs' automated texting system, Annie.

Conclusions: Two text messaging interventions, DSMS and DSMS+, were developed to support diabetes self-management among US veterans. DSMS delivers standard educational content, while DSMS+ incorporates interactive features and personalization. The subsequent clinical trial will assess whether customization enhances engagement and improves diabetes outcomes, providing insights into the potential of tailored mobile health interventions for chronic disease management.

Keywords: mobile phone; self-management; text messaging; type 2 diabetes; veterans.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sample messages from the 2 diabetes self-management automated texting system interventions, developed for the Annie platform within the Veterans Health Administration. Panel A shows sample 1-way educational messages. Panel B shows sample 2-way messages between the automated texting system and the patient.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Diabetes self-management automated texting system intervention development stages and stakeholder involvement. The research team included health services researchers, veteran coinvestigators, and clinicians. Veterans included Veterans Affairs patients living with diabetes. Clinician experts included Veterans Affairs and non-Veterans Affairs clinician experts, of which 4 were on the research team. DSMS: Diabetes Self-Management Support-Only texting intervention; DSMS+: customizable, patient-centered version of DSMS.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Sample weekly schedules for Diabetes Self-Management Support + Interactive and Customizable Messages, a diabetes self-management automated texting system intervention, developed for the Annie platform within the Veterans Health Administration. Participants asked which panel they preferred, with each showing a range of frequencies and timing of 1-way and 2-way messages.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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