. 2026 Mar 1;83(3):280-289.

doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.5318.

Virus-Specific T Cells and Response to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Nora Möhn^{1

2}, Lea Grote-Levi¹, Agnes Bonifacius³, Sabine Tischer-Zimmermann³, Sandra Nay¹, Konstantin Fritz Jendretzky¹, Mieke Luise Sassmann¹, Kevin Karacondi¹, Melanie Zent¹, Franz Felix Konen¹, Kurt-Wolfram Sühs¹, Sven G Meuth⁴, Marc Pawlitzki⁴, Clemens Warnke^{5

6}, Ilya Ayzenberg⁷, Ruth Schneider⁷, Christoph Helmchen⁸, Norbert Brüggemann⁸, Stephan Klebe⁹, Marcel Hildner¹⁰, Christian Grefkes¹⁰, Louisa Nitsch¹¹, Petra Hühnchen¹², Sebastian Böltz^{13

14}, Laura Alt¹⁵, Hayrettin Tumani¹⁵, Christoph Kleinschnitz¹⁶, Refik Pul¹⁶, Oliver Grauer¹⁷, David Clifford¹⁸, Sharmilee Gnanapavan¹⁹, Rebecca Wicklein²⁰, Thomas Perpoint²¹, Martijn Beudel²², Arnaud Del Bello²³, Sebastian Rauer²⁴, Heinz Wiendl^{17

24}, Ilijas Jelcic²⁵, Jacques Gasnault²⁶, Eleonora Cimini²⁷, Andrea Antinori²⁸, Carmela Pinnetti²⁸, Valérie Pourcher²⁹, Nicolas Weiss³⁰, Nicolas Lambert³¹, Britta Maecker-Kolhoff³², Günter U Höglinger^{33

34

35}, Sara Zahraeifard³⁶, Irene Cortese³⁶, Britta Eiz-Vesper³, Guillaume Martin-Blondel^{37

38

39}, Thomas Skripuletz¹; Immunotherapy for PML Study Group

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

Immunotherapy for PML Study Group:
Laurence De Menibus, Damien Roos-Weil, Juliette Rakotoarison Rakotoarison, Yann Leveneur, Niklas Grassl, Francois Lifermann, Fleur Cohen-Aubart, Douglas Ney, Ronak Kapadia, Yasemin Goreci, Yael Dinur-Schejter, Tzlil Shifman, Oded Shamriz, Joseph Berger, Olivier Lambotte, Asaff Harel, Benjamin Wyplosz, Bodo Grimbacher, Martijn Wijburg, Matthijs Brouwer, Xavier Engalenc, Marion Gaudin, Clemens Kupper, Achille Aouba, Victoria Manda, Xavier Brousse, Mailys Ducours, Pierre Duffau, Jean Christophe Ouallet, Hela Mrabet, Florence Gourdon, Marion Le Maréchal, Raphael Bernard-Valnet, Pierre Delobel, Rebecca Lajaunie, Nassim Kamar, Marine Joly, Emmanuel Treiner, Sebastien Lhomme, Fabrice Bonneville, Carole Ribaute, Jonathan Ciron, Damien Biotti, Xavier Boumaza, Baptiste Bonneau, Agnès Sommet, Béatrice Pignolet

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
² Center of Neurology, Department of Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and University Bonn, Germany.
³ Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
⁴ Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
⁵ Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
⁶ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Gießen and Marburg, Baldingerstraße, Marburg, Germany.
⁷ Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
⁸ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
⁹ Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt and University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
¹¹ Center of Neurology, Department of Neuroimmunology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany.
¹² Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹³ Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie and Immunologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Uniklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
¹⁴ Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Uniklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
¹⁵ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
¹⁸ Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
¹⁹ Department of Neurology, Barts Health NHS Trust and Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
²⁰ Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
²¹ Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France.
²² Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
²³ Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France.
²⁴ Department of Neurology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
²⁵ Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁶ Unit of Rehabilitation of Neuroviral Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
²⁷ Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
²⁸ Clinical and Research Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
²⁹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
³⁰ Department of Intensive Care Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
³¹ Department of Neurology, CHU de Liège/Hôpital de la Citadelle, Liège, Belgium.
³² Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
³³ Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany.
³⁴ German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.
³⁵ Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany.
³⁶ Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland.
³⁷ Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
³⁸ Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
³⁹ NEO-I3D Research Group, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.

PMID: 41557340
PMCID: PMC12820779
DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.5318

Virus-Specific T Cells and Response to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Nora Möhn et al. JAMA Neurol. 2026.

. 2026 Mar 1;83(3):280-289.

doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.5318.

Authors

Collaborators

Immunotherapy for PML Study Group:
Laurence De Menibus, Damien Roos-Weil, Juliette Rakotoarison Rakotoarison, Yann Leveneur, Niklas Grassl, Francois Lifermann, Fleur Cohen-Aubart, Douglas Ney, Ronak Kapadia, Yasemin Goreci, Yael Dinur-Schejter, Tzlil Shifman, Oded Shamriz, Joseph Berger, Olivier Lambotte, Asaff Harel, Benjamin Wyplosz, Bodo Grimbacher, Martijn Wijburg, Matthijs Brouwer, Xavier Engalenc, Marion Gaudin, Clemens Kupper, Achille Aouba, Victoria Manda, Xavier Brousse, Mailys Ducours, Pierre Duffau, Jean Christophe Ouallet, Hela Mrabet, Florence Gourdon, Marion Le Maréchal, Raphael Bernard-Valnet, Pierre Delobel, Rebecca Lajaunie, Nassim Kamar, Marine Joly, Emmanuel Treiner, Sebastien Lhomme, Fabrice Bonneville, Carole Ribaute, Jonathan Ciron, Damien Biotti, Xavier Boumaza, Baptiste Bonneau, Agnès Sommet, Béatrice Pignolet

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
² Center of Neurology, Department of Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and University Bonn, Germany.
³ Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
⁴ Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
⁵ Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
⁶ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Gießen and Marburg, Baldingerstraße, Marburg, Germany.
⁷ Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
⁸ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
⁹ Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt and University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
¹¹ Center of Neurology, Department of Neuroimmunology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany.
¹² Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹³ Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie and Immunologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Uniklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
¹⁴ Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Uniklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
¹⁵ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
¹⁸ Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
¹⁹ Department of Neurology, Barts Health NHS Trust and Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
²⁰ Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
²¹ Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France.
²² Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
²³ Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France.
²⁴ Department of Neurology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
²⁵ Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁶ Unit of Rehabilitation of Neuroviral Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
²⁷ Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
²⁸ Clinical and Research Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
²⁹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
³⁰ Department of Intensive Care Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
³¹ Department of Neurology, CHU de Liège/Hôpital de la Citadelle, Liège, Belgium.
³² Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
³³ Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany.
³⁴ German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.
³⁵ Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany.
³⁶ Experimental Immunotherapeutics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland.
³⁷ Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
³⁸ Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
³⁹ NEO-I3D Research Group, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.

PMID: 41557340
PMCID: PMC12820779
DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.5318

Abstract

Importance: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a life-threatening demyelinating disease caused by reactivation of the JC virus (JCV) in immunocompromised patients. While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) show therapeutic potential, responses vary and predictive biomarkers are lacking.

Objective: To determine whether pretreatment JCV- and/or BK virus-specific T cells in the blood are associated with treatment efficacy.

Design, setting, and participants: This retrospective cohort study included 111 patients with PML who were treated with ICIs stratified by peripheral virus-specific T cell presence (ELISpot/flow cytometry) between August 2021 and May 2024, with a median (IQR) follow-up of 7 (1-13) months. Of 112 patients with definite PML across 39 centers, 1 patient refused participation; 111 patients were included.

Exposure: Patients received pembrolizumab (n = 81), nivolumab (n = 28), or atezolizumab (n = 2) per availability and prescribing practices at participating centers.

Main outcome and measures: Clinical outcomes, diagnostic parameters, and immune-related adverse events were compared; association of virus-specific T-cell responses with survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results: The study cohort consisted of 111 patients (median [IQR] age, 61 [50-70] years; 74 male [66.6%]). Twenty-one patients had detectable virus-specific T cells prior to therapy, 22 were T cell-negative and 68 had an unknown T-cell status. T cell-positive patients showed significantly higher response rates and improved survival compared to both T cell-negative patients (18/21 [86%] vs 5/22 [23%]; P < .001; median survival time, none [95% CI, undefined] vs 136.5 days [95% CI, 19 to ∞]; P = .002) and those with unknown T-cell status (18/21 [86%] vs 29/68 [43%]; P = .001; median survival time, none vs 162 days [95% CI, 66 to ∞]; P = .004). They achieved better functional outcomes (median [IQR] modified Rankin Scale score, 3 [2-4] vs 4 [3-6]; P = .009) and lower JC viral load in cerebrospinal fluid (median [IQR], 0 copies/mL [0-502.5] vs 2500 copies/mL [0-6900]; P = .01) during follow-up compared to T cell-negative patients. Immune-related adverse events were most frequent in T cell-negative patients (10/20 [50%]), including the most severe events, and least frequent in T cell-positive patients (2/20 [10%]) (P = .02).

Conclusions and relevance: Preexisting functional virus-specific T cells were associated with better clinical response, longer survival, and lower toxicity in PML. These findings suggest the likely importance of preexisting antiviral immunity for successful ICI therapy.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Möhn reported personal fees from Alexion, CSL Behring, Merck Serono, and Novartis outside the submitted work. Dr Grote-Levi reported other from German Research Foundation (PRACTIS Clinician Scientist Program; DFG ME 3696/3) outside the submitted work.. Dr Tischer-Zimmermann reported grants from Gilead (unrelated to this manuscript) outside the submitted work. Dr Nay reported grants from Merck (travel grant/congress fee) and personal fees from Novartis (honoraria for lecture) outside the submitted work. Dr Jendretzky reported grants from Merck, Argenx, Novartis, and Neuraxpharm outside the submitted work. Dr Konen reported personal fees from Argenx, Alexion, Merck, Novartis, and Takeda and grants from Merck, Siemens, Erwin-Röver-Foundation, and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/Hannover Medical School outside the submitted work. Dr Sühs reported honoraria for lectures or travel reimbursements for meetings from Biogen, Merck, Mylan, Roche, Bavarian Nordic, Viatris, and Novartis and grants from Bristol Myers Squibb outside the submitted work. Dr Pawlitzki reported grants from Hexal, Novartis, Roche, Viatris, Amgen, Biogen, Merck, and Takeda, and personal fees from Alexion, Sanofi, Argenx, Bayer, Merck, Demecan, Takeda, Johnson & Johnson, and Biogen outside the submitted work. Dr Warnke reported grants from Novartis, Biogen, Roche, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss and lecture fees from Novartis, Roche, Alexion, Sanofi, Merck, and Juvise outside the submitted work. Dr Ayzenberg reported grants from Argenx, Alexion, Amgen, and Roche and personal fees from Amgen, Roche, Argenx, Alexion, Merck, Sanofi, and Union Chimique Belge outside the submitted work. Dr Schneider reported grants from Novartis outside the submitted work. Dr Nitsch reported personal fees and nonfinancial support from Merck and personal fees from Sanofi, Novartis, and Alexion outside the submitted work. Dr Huehnchen reported grants from Else-Kröner-Fresenius Stiftung, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and lecture fees from Nordostdeutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologische Onkologie and Eisai outside the submitted work. Dr Boelz reported personal fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, and Eli Lilly outside the submitted work. Dr Tumani reported personal fees from Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Fresenius, Genzyme Sanofi, Merck, Novartis, Janssen Cilag, Roche, Siemens, Teva, Viatris, Hexal, and Horizon; nonfinancial support from Biotechne, Fujirebio, and Quanterix; and grants from Chemische Fabrik Karl Bucher outside the submitted work. Dr Pul reported grants from Merck, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Viatris, Viatris and honoraria for lectures from Sanofi, Merck, Novartis, Alexion, Viatris, Hexal, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, Stada, Sanofi, and Roche outside the submitted work. Dr Clifford reported personal fees from Cellevolve (consulting fee), Seagen (consulting on PML risks), Roche (PML adjudication committee), Medpace (data and safety monitoring board participation), Wave Life Sciences (data and safety monitoring board participation), Sanofi (data and safety monitoring board participation), Pfizer (data and safety monitoring board participation), Atara Biotherapeutics (data and safety monitoring board participation), Teva (data and safety monitoring board participation), and Avidity (data and safety monitoring board participation) outside the submitted work. Dr Wicklein reported grants from Novartis Deutschland outside the submitted work. Dr Wiendl reported grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Deutsche Myasthenie Gesellschaft, European Union, Alexion, Amicus Therapeutics, Argenx, Biogen, CSL Behring, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Union Chimique Belge Biopharma; consulting fees from Alexion, Argenx, Argobio, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dianthus, EMD Serono, Fondazione Cariplo, Idorsia, Immunic, Immunovant, INmune Bio_Syneos Health, Janssen, Lohmann Therapie-Systeme, Lundbeck, Merck, Muna Therapeutics, Myrobalan Therapeutics, Novartis, PSL Group, Red Nucleus, Roche, Samsung, Sangamo, Sanofi, Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society, Teladochealth, Toleranzia, Union Chimique Belge, and Viatris; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus or educational events from Alexion, AstraZeneca Oncology, AstraZeneca, Biogen, BGP Products Operations, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cemcat, EPG Health/Medthority, Genzyme, Kohlhammer, Merck, MS at the Limits, Neurodiem, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Novartis, Ology, Roche, Sanofi, Springer, Streamed up, Teva, Uvet, and WebMD Global; and Alexion; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Argenx, Biocryst, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cellerys, Galapagos, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Sandoz-Hexal, and uniQure Biopharma outside the submitted work. Dr Jelcic reported a patent for EP2734218A2 related to polyoma virus JC peptides and proteins in vaccination and diagnostic applications pending; has received speaker honoraria or unrestricted grants from Biogen Idec and Novartis; and has received compensation for advice or lecturing by Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, CDR Life, Celgene, Janssen-Cilag, Neuway, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme; none of these are related to this study. Dr Antinori reported grants from Gikead, ViiV Healthcare, and Astra Zeneca and personal fees from Gilead, Viiv Healthcare, Merck, GSK, and Astra Zeneca outside the submitted work. Dr Pinnetti reported personal fees from Gilead Science, VIIV Healthcare, and Merck Sharp & Dohme and advisory board service at Janseen Cilag and Gilead Science outside the submitted work. Dr Pourcher reported personal fees from Gilead, ViiV, Roche, Novartis, and Biogen outside the submitted work. Dr Weiss reported personal fees from Lucane Pharma and Alexion outside the submitted work. Dr Lambert reported personal fees from Novartis (for lectures) outside the submitted work. Dr Cortese reported stock ownership with Nouscom, Keires, and PDC*line Pharma outside the submitted work. Dr Eiz-Vesper reported grants from Miltenyi Biotec Consumables outside the submitted work. Dr Skripuletz reported grants from the German Ministry for Education and Research, Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation for Immuno-Oncology, Claudia von Schilling Foundation for Breast Cancer Research, Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation, Genzyme Neuroimmunology Fellowship, VHV Foundation, Alnylam, CSL Behring, Merck, Novartis, and Siemens and personal fees (honoraria for lectures, travel support for meeting attendance, and/or consultancy fees) from Alexion, Alnylam, Argenx, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Centogene, CSL Behring, Grifols, Hexal AG, Horizon, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Siemens, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Teva, and Viatris outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

**Figure 1.. Proportion of Patients With Clinical Improvement, Stability, Worsening, or Death, Stratified by Presence of JC Virus– and BK Virus–Specific T-Cell Responses Before Therapy**

**Figure 2.. Comparison of Survivor and Nonsurvivor Depending on JC Virus Load Prior to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) Treatment Initiation**
A, Comparison of JC viral load in cerebrospinal fluid between survivor and nonsurvivor: of 111 patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), data of absolute JC viral load in cerebrospinal fluid prior to therapy initiation of survivors (n = 46) and nonsurvivors (n = 41) are presented. B, Survival depending on JC viral load: the red curve (n = 44) represents patients with a high JC viral load in cerebrospinal fluid (above the median of >2531 copies/mL) prior to initiation of ICI therapy; the blue curve (n = 43) represents those with a low viral load. During the disease course, 20 patients with high JC viral load and 21 with low JC viral load died. No significant difference in overall survival was observed between the 2 groups.

**Figure 3.. Kaplan-Meier Survival Curves for Patients With Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) According to Virus-Specific T-Cell Status**
The blue curve (n = 21) represents patients with detectable virus-specific T cells before ICI therapy, the gray curve (n = 64) represents patients with unknown T-cell status, and the red curve (n = 16) represents patients without detectable virus-specific T cells prior to ICI therapy initiation. In total, 8 patients who deteriorated despite ICI treatment (2 with unknown T-cell status and 6 from the T-cell–negative group) subsequently received an experimental approach using allogeneic virus-specific T cells following ICI therapy. Since this constituted a distinct therapeutic strategy, these patients were excluded from the survival analysis. For 2 patients with unknown T-cell status, survival was not assessed.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Virus-Specific T Cells and Response to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

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Virus-Specific T Cells and Response to Checkpoint Inhibitors in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Authors

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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