The International Guideline for the Definition, Classification, Diagnosis and Management of Urticaria

T Zuberbier^{1

2}, Z Abdul Hameed Ansari³, A H Abdul Latiff⁴, M M Abuzakouk⁵, M S Agcaoili-De Jesus⁶, R C Agondi⁷, M Al-Ahmad⁸, A A Alangari⁹, H Alhameli⁵, C D Alonso Bello¹⁰, S Alshareef¹¹, S Al-Tamemi^{12

13}, S Altrichter¹⁴, H Al Wahshi¹⁵, S Aquilina¹⁶, M Araújo¹⁷, R Arnaout¹¹, R Asero¹⁸, B Ballmer-Weber¹⁹, C Bangert²⁰, A Bauer²¹, M Ben-Shoshan²², J A Bernstein²³, C Bindslev-Jensen²⁴, M Bizjak^{25

26

27}, I Boccon-Gibod²⁸, H Bonnekoh^{1

2}, L Bouillet²⁸, K Brockow²⁹, Z Brzoza³⁰, M Bulatović Ćalasan³¹, A Bulkhi³², T Buttgereit^{1

2}, A Bygum³³, T Caballero³⁴, O Calderon³⁵, R Campos³⁶, M Cancian³⁷, E Carne³⁸, M A Castor⁶, I Cerecedo⁵, T Çetinarslan³⁹, I Cherrez-Ojeda^{1

40

41}, N Chkhikvadze⁴², H J Chong-Neto⁴³, K Choo⁴⁴, G Christoff⁴⁵, C-Y Chu⁴⁶, K Ciupka^{1

2}, N Conlon⁴⁷, C Costa⁴⁸, T Craig^{49

50}, P Criado⁵¹, I Danilycheva⁵², R Darlenski⁵³, E De Arruda Chaves⁵⁴, L de Montjoye⁵⁵, M S Doutre⁵⁶, A Du-Thanh⁵⁷, D Ebo⁵⁸, S Elkhalifa^{5

59}, S Elmariah⁶⁰, T El-Shanawany⁶¹, L F Ensina⁶², R Ertaş⁶³, R Fachini Jardim Criado⁵¹, M Ferrer⁶⁴, S Ferrucci⁶⁵, J S Fok⁶⁶, D Fomina^{67

68}, L Fonacier⁶⁹, G Fouda⁷⁰, I Francescantonio⁷¹, A Fukunaga⁷², C A Galvan Calle⁷³, E Garcia⁷⁴, K Gáspár⁷⁵, A Gelincik⁷⁶, S Geng⁷⁷, K Godse⁷⁸, M Gonçalo⁷⁹, M Gotua^{42

80}, C Grattan⁸¹, M Grosber^{82

83}, G Guidos Fogelbach⁸⁴, M Guilarte^{85

86}, R Guillod⁸⁷, E Hamelmann⁸⁸, J Hawkes⁸⁹, K Hayama⁹⁰, R Heuer⁹¹, M Hide^{92

93}, W Hoetzenecker⁹⁴, N Inomata⁹⁵, H-R Kang⁹⁶, A Kaplan⁹⁷, A Kapp⁹⁸, M Karam⁹⁹, A Kasperska-Zajac¹⁰⁰, C H Katelaris¹⁰¹, A Kessel¹⁰², M Khoshkhui¹⁰³, B Kim¹⁰⁴, T Kinaciyan²⁰, E Kocatürk^{1

2

105}, M Kolacinska-Flont¹⁰⁶, P Kolkhir^{1

2}, G N Konstantinou¹⁰⁷, M Kosnik^{26

108}, D Krasowska¹⁰⁹, K Kulthanan¹¹⁰, M S Kumaran¹¹¹, I Kuprys-Lipinska¹⁰⁶, M Labrador⁸⁵, J I Larco¹¹², D Larenas-Linnemann¹¹³, E Latysheva⁵², E Lazaridou¹¹⁴, P H Li¹¹⁵, H Lima¹¹⁶, U Lippert¹¹⁷, M Magerl^{1

2}, M Makris¹¹⁸, J Alves Marcelino¹¹⁹, A V Marzano^{65

120}, I Medina¹²¹, R Meshkova¹²², D Micallef¹⁶, R Mohammed Ali¹²³, C G Mortz¹²⁴, M Munoz^{1

2}, H N G Oude Elberink¹²⁵, A Nakonechna¹²⁶, I Nasr³, A Nast⁹¹, E Netchiporouk¹²⁷, E Nettis¹²⁸, S Nieto¹²⁹, I Ogueta Canales¹³⁰, T-L Okas¹³¹, R L Orfali¹³², E Özkaya¹³³, C Parisi¹³⁴, A Pennitz⁹¹, R Pawankar¹³⁵, M P Pereira^{1

2}, J Peter¹³⁶, E Petkova¹³⁷, P D Pigatto^{138

139}, I Podder¹⁴⁰, T Popov¹⁴¹, G Porebski^{142

143}, P Pyatilova^{1

2}, G D Ramon¹⁴⁴, H A Ratti Sisa¹⁴⁵, M Recto¹⁴⁶, K Ress¹⁴⁷, K Ridge¹⁴⁸, M Riedl¹⁴⁹, C Ritchie¹⁵⁰, N Rosario Filho¹⁵¹, I Rosmaninho¹⁵², M Rudenko¹⁵³, M Rukhadze^{42

154}, K Rutkowski¹⁵⁵, V Sabato⁵⁸, U M Sahiner¹⁵⁶, S Saini¹⁵⁷, F Saleh Al Sabbagh¹⁵⁸, A Salman¹⁵⁹, F Salvo⁵, J Sanchez¹⁶⁰, A Santucci¹⁶¹, S Schliemann¹⁶², P Schmid-Grendelmeier¹⁶³, B E Sekerel¹⁵⁶, F Serpa¹⁶⁴, F Sheikh¹⁶⁵, J Sheikh¹⁶⁶, H Shendi¹⁶⁷, F Siebenhaar^{1

2}, M Sonomjamts¹⁶⁸, A Soria¹⁶⁹, B Sousa Pinto^{170

171}, M Staevska¹⁷², P Staubach¹⁷³, M Stephan^{1

2}, K Stevanovic^{1

2}, L Stingeni¹⁷⁴, M Stobiecki¹⁴³, Ö Su Küçük¹⁷⁵, G Sussman¹⁷⁶, A Szegedi¹⁷⁵, S Takahagi¹⁷⁷, A Tanaka¹⁷⁸, N Teovska Mitrevska¹⁷⁹, S F Thomsen¹⁸⁰, E Toubi¹⁰², F Tsatsou¹¹⁴, M Turk¹⁸¹, Z Vadasz¹⁰², A Valerieva¹⁸², S Valle¹⁸³, M V Doorn¹⁸⁴, B Veleiro Perez¹⁸⁵, C E Vera Ayala^{1

2}, C Vestergaard¹⁸⁶, R J Vieira^{170

171}, C W Maruta¹³², B Wedi¹⁸⁷, R N Werner⁹¹, E W Y Yap¹⁸⁸, P Xepapadaki¹¹⁸, Y Xiang¹⁸⁹, Y-M Ye¹⁹⁰, P Yong¹⁹¹, G Yosipovitch¹⁹², A Z J Zalewska-Janowska¹⁹³, C Zeyen⁹¹, Z Zhao¹⁹⁴, M Metz^{1

2}, A M Giménez-Arnau¹⁹⁵

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
² Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany.
³ Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Internal Medicine, Royal Hospital, Oman.
⁴ Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Allergy & Immunology Centre, Malaysia.
⁵ Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Allergy and Immunology, UAE.
⁶ Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Philippines.
⁷ Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division - Internal Medicine Department, Brazil.
⁸ College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait and Al-Rashed Allergy Center, Ministry of Health, Kuwait.
⁹ Allergy and Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ Hospital Juárez de México, Allergy and Immunology, Mexico.
¹¹ Allergy Immunology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Saudi Arabia.
¹² Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Child Health, Oman.
¹³ Omani Society of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Oman.
¹⁴ Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Kepler University Hospital, Austria.
¹⁵ Department of Rheumatology, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
¹⁶ Department of Dermatology, Mater Dei Hospital, Malta.
¹⁷ Serviço de Imunoalergologia do Hospital Dona Estefânia, CHULC E.P.E, Portugal.
¹⁸ Clinica San Carlo, Ambulatorio di Allergologia, Italy.
¹⁹ Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich and Clinic for Dermatology and Allergology Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland.
²⁰ Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
²¹ Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Germany.
²² Montreal Children's Hospital Allergy Clinic, Pediatrics, Division of Allergy Immunology and Dermatology, Canada.
²³ University of Cincinnati Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Advanced Allergy Services LLC and Bernstein Clinical Research Center LLC, USA.
²⁴ Allergy Center - ORCA, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Denmark.
²⁵ Division of Allergy, University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Slovenia.
²⁶ Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
²⁷ Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Slovenia.
²⁸ National Reference Center for Angiœdema CREAK, Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, France.
²⁹ Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
³⁰ Department of Internal Diseases, Allergology, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, University of Opole, Poland.
³¹ Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
³² Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
³³ Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
³⁴ Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, CIBERER, Spain.
³⁵ Clinica Sanna el Golf, San Isidro, Allergy Unit, Peru.
³⁶ Complexo Hospitalar Universitário, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Internal Medicine, Brazil.
³⁷ Departmental Allergy Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Italy.
³⁸ Allergy Service for Wales, UK.
³⁹ Dermatology and Venereology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Turkey.
⁴⁰ Espiritu Santo University, Ecuador.
⁴¹ Respiralab Research Center, Ecuador.
⁴² Allergy and Immunology, Center of Allergy and Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁴³ Serviço de Alergia e Imunologia, Complexo Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pediatrics, Brazil.
⁴⁴ Department of Dermatology, Urticaria Clinic, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
⁴⁵ Medical Center Excelsior Ltd., Bulgaria.
⁴⁶ Immunology Clinic, Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan.
⁴⁷ Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, St. James's Hospital, Ireland.
⁴⁸ Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Unidade Local de Saúde Santa Maria (ULSSM), Lisboa, Portugal.
⁴⁹ Pediatrics, Ob/Gyn and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁵⁰ Vinmec International Hospital, Times City, Hanoi, Vietnam.
⁵¹ Alergoskin Alergia e Dermatologia SS Ltda, and Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Dermatology, Brazil.
⁵² NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Allegology, Russia.
⁵³ Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Excelsior Med Center/Acibadem Cityclinic Tokuda Hospital (Inpatients), Bulgaria.
⁵⁴ Allergy and Immunology, Clinica Anglo Americana, Peru.
⁵⁵ Dermatology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
⁵⁶ Bordeaux University Hospital, Dermatology, France.
⁵⁷ Dermatology, CHU de Montpellier, France.
⁵⁸ Immunology Allergology Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium.
⁵⁹ Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁶⁰ Clinical Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Wales, UK.
⁶² Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology - Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶³ Department of Dermatology, Urticaria Center of Reference and Excellence Clinic, Kayseri Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri City Hospital, Health Sciences University, Turkey.
⁶⁴ Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Allergy, Spain.
⁶⁵ Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Milan, Italy.
⁶⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Immunology/Allergy Clinic, Box Hill Hospital, Australia.
⁶⁷ Moscow City Research and Practical Center of Allergology and Immunology, City Clinical Hospital 52, Russia.
⁶⁸ 2. Dept. of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
⁶⁹ Allergy and Immunology, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, USA.
⁷⁰ Food and Drug Allergy Center, Allergy and Immunology, Cairo, Egypt.
⁷¹ Ymune, Allergy and Immunology, Brazil.
⁷² Department of Dermatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
⁷³ Emedic Salud, San Isidro, Lima, Peru.
⁷⁴ Fundación Santa fe de Bogotá- Faculty of medicine Universidad de los Andes- UNIMEQ ORL, Colombia.
⁷⁵ Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
⁷⁶ Immunology and Allergic Diseases, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Istanbul University, Turkey.
⁷⁷ Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
⁷⁸ Dr. D Y Patil Medical College and Hospital, India.
⁷⁹ Dermatology, University Hospital, Coimbra Local Health Unit and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
⁸⁰ David Tvildiani Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁸¹ St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
⁸² Department of Dermatology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.
⁸³ Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Belgium.
⁸⁴ Instituto Politécnico Nacional, SEPI/ENMH, Mexico.
⁸⁵ Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Spain.
⁸⁶ Department of Allergy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
⁸⁷ aha! Allergiezentrum Schweiz, Switzerland.
⁸⁸ Pediatrics, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Universitätsklinikum OWL, Universität Bielefeld, Germany.
⁸⁹ Oregon Medical Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA.
⁹⁰ Nihon University Itabashi Hospital Center for Allergy, Japan.
⁹¹ Division of Evidence-Based Medicine (dEBM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
⁹² Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan.
⁹³ Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan.
⁹⁴ Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Linz, Johannes Kepler University, Austria.
⁹⁵ Department of Dermatology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan.
⁹⁶ Seoul National University Hospital, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, ACARE, Republic of Korea.
⁹⁷ Medical University of South Carolina, USA.
⁹⁸ Dermatology & Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
⁹⁹ Allergy and Immunology Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Clinical Allergology and Urticaria of Medical University of Silesia, Poland.
¹⁰¹ Immunology/Allergy Unit, Campbelltown Hospital and Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.
¹⁰² Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Affiliated with Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
¹⁰³ Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
¹⁰⁴ Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Kimberaly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, USA.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Dermatology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Greece.
¹⁰⁸ University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Golnik, Slovenia.
¹⁰⁹ Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology Clinic Medical University of Lublin, Poland.
¹¹⁰ Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Siriraj UCARE, Thailand.
¹¹¹ Department of Dermatology PGIMER, Urticaria Clinic, Chandigarh, India.
¹¹² Clinica San Felipe, Allergy Department, Peru.
¹¹³ Centro de Excelencia en Asma y Alergia Larenas Hospital Médica Sur, Mexico.
¹¹⁴ 2nd Department of Dermatology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
¹¹⁵ Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China.
¹¹⁶ Leader Research, Division of Dermatology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
¹¹⁷ Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany.
¹¹⁸ Allergy Unit, 2nd Dpt of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Greece.
¹¹⁹ Immunology and Allergology Department, Hospital de São Bernardo, ULS Arrábida, Portugal.
¹²⁰ Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
¹²¹ Centro Medico Vitae, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Argentina.
¹²² Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Raisa Meshkova Smolensk State Medical University, Russia.
¹²³ Adult Allergy & Immunology Division, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar.
¹²⁴ Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
¹²⁵ University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
¹²⁶ Chest and Allergy Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
¹²⁷ Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
¹²⁸ Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology - Regional Reference Center for Allergic and Immunological Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
¹²⁹ Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Unidad de Genetica de la Nutricion, Mexico.
¹³⁰ Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Department of Dermatology; DermaCDU, UCARE Center, Chile.
¹³¹ University of Tartu, Estonia.
¹³² Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
¹³³ Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹³⁴ Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹³⁵ Pediatric, Nippon Medical School, Japan.
¹³⁶ Allergy and Immunology Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
¹³⁷ University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Clinic of Allergology, Bulgaria.
¹³⁸ Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
¹³⁹ Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
¹⁴⁰ College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India.
¹⁴¹ University Hospital Sv. Ivan Rilski, Bulgaria.
¹⁴² Center of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, University Hospital in Krakow, Poland.
¹⁴³ Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland.
¹⁴⁴ Instituto de Alergia e Inmunologia del sur, Alergia e Inmunologia, Argentina.
¹⁴⁵ 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Uniclinic, UNA, Paraguay.
¹⁴⁶ Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines - PGH, Philippines.
¹⁴⁷ East Tallinn Central Hospital, Center of Allergology and Immunology, Estonia.
¹⁴⁸ Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁴⁹ Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA.
¹⁵⁰ Allergy Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁵¹ Allergy and Immunology, Federal University of Parana, Brazil.
¹⁵² Allergy Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova De Gaia, Portugal.
¹⁵³ London Allergy and Immunology Centre, Adult and Paediatric Allergy, UK.
¹⁵⁴ Faculty of Medicine, Geomedi University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
¹⁵⁵ Urticaria Clinic, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, UK.
¹⁵⁶ Department of Pediatric Allergy, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Children's Hospital, Turkey.
¹⁵⁷ Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, USA.
¹⁵⁸ Al Kindi Specialized Hospital W.L.L, Bahrain.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Dermatology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University School of Medicine, Turkey.
¹⁶⁰ Group of Clinical and Experimental Allergy, Hospital "Alma Mater de Antioquia", University of Antioquia, Colombia.
¹⁶¹ Allergy Unit in Internal Department, Rimini Infermi Hospital, Italy.
¹⁶² Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
¹⁶³ Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich Medicine Campus Davos, Switzerland.
¹⁶⁴ UCARE Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Internal Medicine, Brazil.
¹⁶⁵ Allergy & Immunology, Chughtai Medical Center, Lalik Chowk, DHA 2, Pakistan.
¹⁶⁶ Department of Allergy & Immunology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, USA.
¹⁶⁷ Sheikh Khalifa City Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
¹⁶⁸ Department of Pulmonology and Allergology, School of Medicine, Mongolia-Japan Hospital of Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia.
¹⁶⁹ Hopital Tenon, APHP, Médecine Sorbonne Université, Service de Dermatologie et Allegologie, France.
¹⁷⁰ CINTESIS@RISE, Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Health Research Network, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁷¹ MEDCIDS, Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁷² Clinic of Allergology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Department of Allergy, Medical University - Sofia, Bulgaria.
¹⁷³ Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany.
¹⁷⁴ Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
¹⁷⁵ Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine at the Bezmialem Vakif University, Turkey.
¹⁷⁶ Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Toronto, Canada.
¹⁷⁷ Department of Dermatology, JA Hiroshima General Hospital, Japan.
¹⁷⁸ Department of Dermatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan.
¹⁷⁹ Dermatology Department, Remedika General Hospital, North Macedonia.
¹⁸⁰ Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark.
¹⁸¹ Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Turkey.
¹⁸² Department of Allergology, Medical University of Sofia, Clinic of Allergology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska" Sofia, Bulgaria.
¹⁸³ Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Internal Medicine, Brazil.
¹⁸⁴ Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, the Netherlands.
¹⁸⁵ Allergy Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Spain.
¹⁸⁶ Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
¹⁸⁷ Department of Dermatology & Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
¹⁸⁸ Department of Dermatology, Hospital Pakar Sultanah Fatimah, Malaysia.
¹⁸⁹ Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China.
¹⁹⁰ Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University Medical Center, South Korea.
¹⁹¹ Clinical Immunology and Allergy Department, Frimley, UK.
¹⁹² Dr Philip Frost Department of Dermatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA.
¹⁹³ Psychodermatology Department Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
¹⁹⁴ Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Institute of Integrative Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital Tianjin, China.
¹⁹⁵ Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.

PMID: 41649409
DOI: 10.1111/all.70210

The International Guideline for the Definition, Classification, Diagnosis and Management of Urticaria

T Zuberbier et al. Allergy. 2026.

. 2026 Feb 6.

doi: 10.1111/all.70210. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
² Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany.
³ Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Internal Medicine, Royal Hospital, Oman.
⁴ Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Allergy & Immunology Centre, Malaysia.
⁵ Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Allergy and Immunology, UAE.
⁶ Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Philippines.
⁷ Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division - Internal Medicine Department, Brazil.
⁸ College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait and Al-Rashed Allergy Center, Ministry of Health, Kuwait.
⁹ Allergy and Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ Hospital Juárez de México, Allergy and Immunology, Mexico.
¹¹ Allergy Immunology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Saudi Arabia.
¹² Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Child Health, Oman.
¹³ Omani Society of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Oman.
¹⁴ Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Kepler University Hospital, Austria.
¹⁵ Department of Rheumatology, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
¹⁶ Department of Dermatology, Mater Dei Hospital, Malta.
¹⁷ Serviço de Imunoalergologia do Hospital Dona Estefânia, CHULC E.P.E, Portugal.
¹⁸ Clinica San Carlo, Ambulatorio di Allergologia, Italy.
¹⁹ Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich and Clinic for Dermatology and Allergology Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland.
²⁰ Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
²¹ Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Germany.
²² Montreal Children's Hospital Allergy Clinic, Pediatrics, Division of Allergy Immunology and Dermatology, Canada.
²³ University of Cincinnati Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Advanced Allergy Services LLC and Bernstein Clinical Research Center LLC, USA.
²⁴ Allergy Center - ORCA, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Denmark.
²⁵ Division of Allergy, University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Slovenia.
²⁶ Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
²⁷ Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Slovenia.
²⁸ National Reference Center for Angiœdema CREAK, Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, France.
²⁹ Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
³⁰ Department of Internal Diseases, Allergology, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, University of Opole, Poland.
³¹ Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
³² Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
³³ Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
³⁴ Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, CIBERER, Spain.
³⁵ Clinica Sanna el Golf, San Isidro, Allergy Unit, Peru.
³⁶ Complexo Hospitalar Universitário, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Internal Medicine, Brazil.
³⁷ Departmental Allergy Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Italy.
³⁸ Allergy Service for Wales, UK.
³⁹ Dermatology and Venereology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Turkey.
⁴⁰ Espiritu Santo University, Ecuador.
⁴¹ Respiralab Research Center, Ecuador.
⁴² Allergy and Immunology, Center of Allergy and Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁴³ Serviço de Alergia e Imunologia, Complexo Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pediatrics, Brazil.
⁴⁴ Department of Dermatology, Urticaria Clinic, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
⁴⁵ Medical Center Excelsior Ltd., Bulgaria.
⁴⁶ Immunology Clinic, Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan.
⁴⁷ Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, St. James's Hospital, Ireland.
⁴⁸ Serviço de Imunoalergologia, Unidade Local de Saúde Santa Maria (ULSSM), Lisboa, Portugal.
⁴⁹ Pediatrics, Ob/Gyn and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁵⁰ Vinmec International Hospital, Times City, Hanoi, Vietnam.
⁵¹ Alergoskin Alergia e Dermatologia SS Ltda, and Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Dermatology, Brazil.
⁵² NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Allegology, Russia.
⁵³ Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Excelsior Med Center/Acibadem Cityclinic Tokuda Hospital (Inpatients), Bulgaria.
⁵⁴ Allergy and Immunology, Clinica Anglo Americana, Peru.
⁵⁵ Dermatology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
⁵⁶ Bordeaux University Hospital, Dermatology, France.
⁵⁷ Dermatology, CHU de Montpellier, France.
⁵⁸ Immunology Allergology Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium.
⁵⁹ Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁶⁰ Clinical Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Wales, UK.
⁶² Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology - Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶³ Department of Dermatology, Urticaria Center of Reference and Excellence Clinic, Kayseri Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri City Hospital, Health Sciences University, Turkey.
⁶⁴ Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Allergy, Spain.
⁶⁵ Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Milan, Italy.
⁶⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Immunology/Allergy Clinic, Box Hill Hospital, Australia.
⁶⁷ Moscow City Research and Practical Center of Allergology and Immunology, City Clinical Hospital 52, Russia.
⁶⁸ 2. Dept. of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
⁶⁹ Allergy and Immunology, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, USA.
⁷⁰ Food and Drug Allergy Center, Allergy and Immunology, Cairo, Egypt.
⁷¹ Ymune, Allergy and Immunology, Brazil.
⁷² Department of Dermatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
⁷³ Emedic Salud, San Isidro, Lima, Peru.
⁷⁴ Fundación Santa fe de Bogotá- Faculty of medicine Universidad de los Andes- UNIMEQ ORL, Colombia.
⁷⁵ Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
⁷⁶ Immunology and Allergic Diseases, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Istanbul University, Turkey.
⁷⁷ Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
⁷⁸ Dr. D Y Patil Medical College and Hospital, India.
⁷⁹ Dermatology, University Hospital, Coimbra Local Health Unit and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
⁸⁰ David Tvildiani Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁸¹ St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
⁸² Department of Dermatology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.
⁸³ Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Belgium.
⁸⁴ Instituto Politécnico Nacional, SEPI/ENMH, Mexico.
⁸⁵ Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Spain.
⁸⁶ Department of Allergy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
⁸⁷ aha! Allergiezentrum Schweiz, Switzerland.
⁸⁸ Pediatrics, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Universitätsklinikum OWL, Universität Bielefeld, Germany.
⁸⁹ Oregon Medical Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA.
⁹⁰ Nihon University Itabashi Hospital Center for Allergy, Japan.
⁹¹ Division of Evidence-Based Medicine (dEBM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
⁹² Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan.
⁹³ Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Japan.
⁹⁴ Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Linz, Johannes Kepler University, Austria.
⁹⁵ Department of Dermatology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan.
⁹⁶ Seoul National University Hospital, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, ACARE, Republic of Korea.
⁹⁷ Medical University of South Carolina, USA.
⁹⁸ Dermatology & Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
⁹⁹ Allergy and Immunology Department, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Clinical Allergology and Urticaria of Medical University of Silesia, Poland.
¹⁰¹ Immunology/Allergy Unit, Campbelltown Hospital and Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.
¹⁰² Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Affiliated with Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
¹⁰³ Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
¹⁰⁴ Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, Kimberaly and Eric J. Waldman Department of Dermatology, USA.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Dermatology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Greece.
¹⁰⁸ University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Golnik, Slovenia.
¹⁰⁹ Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology Clinic Medical University of Lublin, Poland.
¹¹⁰ Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Siriraj UCARE, Thailand.
¹¹¹ Department of Dermatology PGIMER, Urticaria Clinic, Chandigarh, India.
¹¹² Clinica San Felipe, Allergy Department, Peru.
¹¹³ Centro de Excelencia en Asma y Alergia Larenas Hospital Médica Sur, Mexico.
¹¹⁴ 2nd Department of Dermatology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
¹¹⁵ Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China.
¹¹⁶ Leader Research, Division of Dermatology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
¹¹⁷ Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany.
¹¹⁸ Allergy Unit, 2nd Dpt of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Greece.
¹¹⁹ Immunology and Allergology Department, Hospital de São Bernardo, ULS Arrábida, Portugal.
¹²⁰ Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
¹²¹ Centro Medico Vitae, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Argentina.
¹²² Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Raisa Meshkova Smolensk State Medical University, Russia.
¹²³ Adult Allergy & Immunology Division, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar.
¹²⁴ Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
¹²⁵ University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
¹²⁶ Chest and Allergy Clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
¹²⁷ Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
¹²⁸ Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology - Regional Reference Center for Allergic and Immunological Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
¹²⁹ Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Unidad de Genetica de la Nutricion, Mexico.
¹³⁰ Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Department of Dermatology; DermaCDU, UCARE Center, Chile.
¹³¹ University of Tartu, Estonia.
¹³² Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
¹³³ Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹³⁴ Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹³⁵ Pediatric, Nippon Medical School, Japan.
¹³⁶ Allergy and Immunology Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
¹³⁷ University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Clinic of Allergology, Bulgaria.
¹³⁸ Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
¹³⁹ Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
¹⁴⁰ College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India.
¹⁴¹ University Hospital Sv. Ivan Rilski, Bulgaria.
¹⁴² Center of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, University Hospital in Krakow, Poland.
¹⁴³ Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland.
¹⁴⁴ Instituto de Alergia e Inmunologia del sur, Alergia e Inmunologia, Argentina.
¹⁴⁵ 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Uniclinic, UNA, Paraguay.
¹⁴⁶ Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines - PGH, Philippines.
¹⁴⁷ East Tallinn Central Hospital, Center of Allergology and Immunology, Estonia.
¹⁴⁸ Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁴⁹ Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA.
¹⁵⁰ Allergy Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁵¹ Allergy and Immunology, Federal University of Parana, Brazil.
¹⁵² Allergy Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova De Gaia, Portugal.
¹⁵³ London Allergy and Immunology Centre, Adult and Paediatric Allergy, UK.
¹⁵⁴ Faculty of Medicine, Geomedi University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
¹⁵⁵ Urticaria Clinic, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, UK.
¹⁵⁶ Department of Pediatric Allergy, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Children's Hospital, Turkey.
¹⁵⁷ Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, USA.
¹⁵⁸ Al Kindi Specialized Hospital W.L.L, Bahrain.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Dermatology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University School of Medicine, Turkey.
¹⁶⁰ Group of Clinical and Experimental Allergy, Hospital "Alma Mater de Antioquia", University of Antioquia, Colombia.
¹⁶¹ Allergy Unit in Internal Department, Rimini Infermi Hospital, Italy.
¹⁶² Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
¹⁶³ Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich Medicine Campus Davos, Switzerland.
¹⁶⁴ UCARE Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Internal Medicine, Brazil.
¹⁶⁵ Allergy & Immunology, Chughtai Medical Center, Lalik Chowk, DHA 2, Pakistan.
¹⁶⁶ Department of Allergy & Immunology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, USA.
¹⁶⁷ Sheikh Khalifa City Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
¹⁶⁸ Department of Pulmonology and Allergology, School of Medicine, Mongolia-Japan Hospital of Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Mongolia.
¹⁶⁹ Hopital Tenon, APHP, Médecine Sorbonne Université, Service de Dermatologie et Allegologie, France.
¹⁷⁰ CINTESIS@RISE, Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Health Research Network, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁷¹ MEDCIDS, Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁷² Clinic of Allergology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Department of Allergy, Medical University - Sofia, Bulgaria.
¹⁷³ Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany.
¹⁷⁴ Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
¹⁷⁵ Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine at the Bezmialem Vakif University, Turkey.
¹⁷⁶ Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Toronto, Canada.
¹⁷⁷ Department of Dermatology, JA Hiroshima General Hospital, Japan.
¹⁷⁸ Department of Dermatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan.
¹⁷⁹ Dermatology Department, Remedika General Hospital, North Macedonia.
¹⁸⁰ Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark.
¹⁸¹ Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Turkey.
¹⁸² Department of Allergology, Medical University of Sofia, Clinic of Allergology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska" Sofia, Bulgaria.
¹⁸³ Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Internal Medicine, Brazil.
¹⁸⁴ Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, the Netherlands.
¹⁸⁵ Allergy Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Spain.
¹⁸⁶ Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
¹⁸⁷ Department of Dermatology & Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
¹⁸⁸ Department of Dermatology, Hospital Pakar Sultanah Fatimah, Malaysia.
¹⁸⁹ Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China.
¹⁹⁰ Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University Medical Center, South Korea.
¹⁹¹ Clinical Immunology and Allergy Department, Frimley, UK.
¹⁹² Dr Philip Frost Department of Dermatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA.
¹⁹³ Psychodermatology Department Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
¹⁹⁴ Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Institute of Integrative Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital Tianjin, China.
¹⁹⁵ Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.

PMID: 41649409
DOI: 10.1111/all.70210

Abstract

This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed in accordance with the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is an initiative of the Global Allergy and Asthma Excellence Network (GA²LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), with the participation of 210 delegates from 107 national and international societies, from 59 countries. The consensus conference was held on December 6th, 2024. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell-driven disease, defined by a rapid appearance of wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence of acute urticaria is estimated to be approximately 20%. Chronic urticaria, categorized as either chronic spontaneous urticaria or chronic inducible urticaria, is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school, however, novel therapies are available. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.

Keywords: angioedema; consensus; evidence‐based; hives; itch; mast cell; urticaria; wheals.

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References

1. T. Zuberbier, A. H. Abdul Latiff, M. Abuzakouk, et al., “The International EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EuroGuiDerm/APAAACI Guideline for the Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management of Urticaria,” Allergy 77, no. 3 (2022): 734–766.
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The International Guideline for the Definition, Classification, Diagnosis and Management of Urticaria

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The International Guideline for the Definition, Classification, Diagnosis and Management of Urticaria

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