International guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of NUT carcinoma

Yu Zhang¹, Qi Zhang¹, Yue Hao², Jia Luo³, Yingshi Piao⁴, Wenxian Wang², Zhengbo Song², Ziming Li⁵, Luka Brcic⁶, Aijun Liu⁷, Jinpu Yu⁸, Yasuhiro Tsutani⁹, Wenzhao Zhong¹⁰, Wenfeng Fang¹¹, Zhijie Wang¹², Shengxiang Ren¹³, Athanasios G Papavassiliou¹⁴, Yongchang Zhang¹⁵, Jingjing Liu¹⁶, Shirong Zhang¹⁷, Xiuyu Cai¹⁸, Ayten Kayi Cangir¹⁹, Anwen Liu²⁰, Wen Li²¹, Filippo Lococo²², Ping Zhan²³, Hongbing Liu²³, Tangfeng Lv²³, Liyun Miao²⁴, Lingfeng Min²⁵, Helmut Popper²⁶, Yu Chen²⁷, Jingping Yuan²⁸, Feng Wang²⁹, Zhansheng Jiang³⁰, Gen Lin²⁷, Long Huang²⁰, Xingxiang Pu³¹, Rongbo Lin²⁷, Kalevi Kairemo³², Weifeng Liu³³, Chuangzhou Rao³⁴, Dongqing Lv³⁵, Zongyang Yu³⁶, Ashrafian Leanne³⁷, Xiaoyan Li³⁸, Chuanhao Tang³⁹, Hifzur R Siddique⁴⁰, Chengzhi Zhou⁴¹, Junping Zhang⁴², Junli Xue⁴³, Vishal Shelat⁴⁴, Hui Guo⁴⁵, Qian Chu⁴⁶, Rui Meng⁴⁷, Fatemeh Ardeshir⁴⁸, Jingxun Wu⁴⁹, Rui Zhang⁵⁰, Jin Zhou⁵¹, Robert A Kratzke^{52

53}, Zhengfei Zhu⁵⁴, Yongheng Li⁵⁵, Hong Qiu⁴⁶, Fan Xia⁵⁴, Fiorella Calabrese⁵⁶, Yang Xia²¹, Alessandro Wasum Mariani⁵⁷, Yuanyuan Lu⁵⁸, Xiaofeng Chen⁵⁹, Mark A Klein^{60

61}, Rui Ge⁶², Enyong Dai⁶³, Axel H Schönthal⁶⁴, Yu Han⁶⁵, Zhenying Guo⁶⁶, Jian Zhang⁶⁷, Yinghua Ji⁶⁸, Xianbin Liang⁶⁹, Hongmei Zhang⁷⁰, Xuelei Ma⁷¹, Marco Chiappetta⁷², Xuewen Liu⁷³, Francoise Galateau Salle⁷⁴, Yu Yao⁷⁵, Malgorzata Szolkowska⁷⁶, Weiwei Pan⁷⁷, Fei Pang⁷⁸, Fan Wu⁷⁹, Stefan B Watzka⁸⁰, Liping Wang⁸¹, Youcai Zhu⁸², Li Lin³⁹, Aparna Sharma⁸³, Jianfei Tu⁸⁴, Xinqing Lin⁴¹, Jing Cai²⁰, Ling Xu⁸⁵, Jisheng Li⁸⁶, Xiaodong Jiao⁸⁷, Kainan Li⁸⁸, Marjorie G Zauderer^{89

90}, Jia Wei⁹¹, Huijing Feng⁴², Lin Wang⁹², Yingying Du⁹³, Wang Yao⁹⁴, Elizabeth Dudnik⁹⁵, Xuefei Shi⁹⁶, Xiaomin Niu⁵, Dongmei Yuan²³, Yanwen Yao²³, Jianhui Huang⁸⁴, Yue Feng⁹⁷, Yinbin Zhang⁴⁵, Binbin Song⁹⁸, Wenfeng Li⁹⁹, Jianfei Fu¹⁰⁰, Marina K Baine¹⁰¹, Pingli Sun¹⁰², Hong Wang¹⁰³, Mingxiang Ye²³, Dong Wang²³, Zhaofeng Wang²³, Jing Wu¹, Yunyun Yang⁴, Yuan Fang¹⁰⁴, Zhen Wang¹⁰⁵, Bin Wan¹⁰⁶, Donglai Lv¹⁰⁷, Huafei Chen⁸², Shengjie Yang¹⁰⁸, Jing Kang¹⁰, Jiatao Zhang¹⁰, Chao Zhang¹⁰, Lin Shi¹⁰⁹, Yina Wang¹¹⁰, Mohamed Emam Sobeih¹¹¹, Bihui Li¹¹², Bin Lian¹¹³, Lili Mao¹¹³, Zhang Zhang¹¹⁴, Ke Wang^{115

116}, Zhongwu Li¹¹⁷, Zhefeng Liu¹⁰³, Nong Yang¹⁵, Lin Wu³¹, Xiaobing Chen¹¹⁸, Gu Jin¹¹⁹, Miao Li¹²⁰, Guansong Wang¹²¹, Thomas U Marron¹²², Jiandong Wang¹²³, Sanjay Popat¹²⁴, Meiyu Fang², Yong Fang¹²⁵, Daniel Mansilla¹²⁶, Yuan Li¹²⁷, Xiaojia Wang², Jing Chen⁴⁷, Yiping Zhang², Xixu Zhu¹⁰⁵, Yi Shen¹²⁸, Shenglin Ma¹²⁹, Aaron S Mansfield¹³⁰, Biyun Wang¹³¹, Lu Si¹¹³, Anja C Roden¹³², Bjørn H Grønberg^{133

134}, Yong Song²³, Geoffrey I Shapiro^{135

136

137}, Christopher A French¹³⁸, Yuanzhi Lu¹³⁹, Qian Wang¹⁴⁰, Chunwei Xu¹⁴¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550001, China.
² Department of Chemotherapy, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China.
³ Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02215, USA.
⁴ Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.
⁵ Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
⁶ Department of Pathology, Hospital Graz II, Graz and Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
⁷ Senior Department of Pathology, The 7 Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.
⁸ Department of Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Core, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
⁹ Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan.
¹⁰ Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.
¹¹ Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
¹² State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
¹³ Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China.
¹⁴ Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
¹⁵ Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Gastrointestinal Unit, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
¹⁶ Department of Thoracic Cancer, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130012, China.
¹⁷ Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, West Lake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
¹⁸ Department of VIP Inpatient, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
¹⁹ Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
²⁰ Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
²¹ Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
²² Unit of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
²³ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
²⁴ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
²⁵ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225001, China.
²⁶ Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
²⁷ Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China.
²⁸ Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
²⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Center of PLA, Qinhuai Medical Area, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
³⁰ Department of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
³¹ Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
³² Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
³³ Department of Orthopaedic Oncology Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100035, China.
³⁴ Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Hwamei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315010, China.
³⁵ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou 317000, China.
³⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, the 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team (the Former Fuzhou General Hospital), Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China.
³⁷ Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
³⁸ Department of Oncology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100700, China.
³⁹ Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, China.
⁴⁰ Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
⁴¹ State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University), Guangzhou 510300, China.
⁴² Department of Thoracic Oncology, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China.
⁴³ Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, China.
⁴⁴ Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore.
⁴⁵ Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
⁴⁶ Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
⁴⁷ Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
⁴⁸ Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China.
⁵⁰ Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110042, China.
⁵¹ Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610041, China.
⁵² Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁵³ Division of Heme-Onc-Transplant, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 480, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.
⁵⁵ Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
⁵⁶ Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health. University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.
⁵⁷ Department of Thoracic Surgery, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo 04012-180, Brazil.
⁵⁸ State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
⁵⁹ Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China.
⁶⁰ Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
⁶¹ Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁶² Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
⁶³ Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China.
⁶⁴ Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China.
⁶⁶ Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China.
⁶⁷ Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.
⁶⁸ Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China.
⁶⁹ Department of Oncology, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
⁷⁰ Department of Oncology, Xijing Hopsital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
⁷¹ Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
⁷² Thoracic Surgery, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
⁷³ Department of Oncology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
⁷⁴ MESOPATH in the Department of Biopathology Cancer Center Leon Berard in Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France.
⁷⁵ Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
⁷⁶ Department of Pathology, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland.
⁷⁷ Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
⁷⁸ Department of Medical, Shanghai OrigiMed Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201114, China.
⁷⁹ Department of Medical, Menarini Silicon Biosystems Spa, Shanghai 200065, China.
⁸⁰ Division of Thoracic Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Institute for Clinical and Translational Thoracic Surgical Research, Vienna Healthcare Group, Clinic Floridsdorf, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
⁸¹ Department of Oncology, Baotou Cancer Hospital, Baotou 014000, China.
⁸² Department of Thoracic Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China.
⁸³ Department of Medical Oncology, Dr.B.R.A. IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 124103, India.
⁸⁴ Department of Oncology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui 323000, China.
⁸⁵ Department of Interventional Pulmonary Diseases, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei 230011, China.
⁸⁶ Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinnan 250012, China.
⁸⁷ Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200070, China.
⁸⁸ Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China.
⁸⁹ Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, New York, NY 10595, USA.
⁹⁰ Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, New York, NY 10532, USA.
⁹¹ Department of the Comprehensive Cancer Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
⁹² Department of Pathology, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China.
⁹³ Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
⁹⁴ Department of Interventional Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
⁹⁵ Ben Gurion University, Lung Cancer Service, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel Aviv 6971028, Israel.
⁹⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, China.
⁹⁷ Department of Gynecologic Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China.
⁹⁸ Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China.
⁹⁹ Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China.
¹⁰¹ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
¹⁰² Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
¹⁰³ Senior Department of Oncology, The 5 Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Pathology, Annhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Clinical Oncology, the 901 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of People Liberation Army, Hefei 230031, China.
¹⁰⁸ Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Chuxiong 675000, China.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
¹¹⁰ Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
¹¹¹ Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt.
¹¹² Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
¹¹³ Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
¹¹⁴ International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
¹¹⁵ National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China.
¹¹⁶ Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China.
¹¹⁷ Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
¹¹⁸ Department of Internal Medicine, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
¹¹⁹ Department of Bone and Soft-tissue Surgery, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China.
¹²⁰ Department of Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining 810001, China.
¹²¹ Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
¹²² Early Phase Trials Unit, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
¹²³ Department of Pathology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
¹²⁴ Lung Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK.
¹²⁵ Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
¹²⁶ Roffo Oncology Institute of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121AAR, Argentina.
¹²⁷ Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.
¹²⁸ Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
¹²⁹ Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
¹³⁰ Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
¹³¹ Department of Breast Cancer and Urological Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
¹³² Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
¹³³ Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
¹³⁴ Department of Oncology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
¹³⁵ Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
¹³⁶ Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
¹³⁷ Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
¹³⁸ Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
¹³⁹ Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
¹⁴¹ Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.

PMID: 41737331
PMCID: PMC12925906
DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2025.101068

Review

International guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of NUT carcinoma

Yu Zhang et al. Innovation (Camb). 2025.

. 2025 Jul 31;7(1):101068.

doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2025.101068. eCollection 2026 Jan 5.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Immune-related Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550001, China.
² Department of Chemotherapy, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China.
³ Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02215, USA.
⁴ Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.
⁵ Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
⁶ Department of Pathology, Hospital Graz II, Graz and Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
⁷ Senior Department of Pathology, The 7 Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China.
⁸ Department of Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Core, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
⁹ Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan.
¹⁰ Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China.
¹¹ Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
¹² State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
¹³ Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China.
¹⁴ Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
¹⁵ Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Gastrointestinal Unit, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
¹⁶ Department of Thoracic Cancer, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130012, China.
¹⁷ Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, West Lake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
¹⁸ Department of VIP Inpatient, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.
¹⁹ Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
²⁰ Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
²¹ Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
²² Unit of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
²³ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
²⁴ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
²⁵ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225001, China.
²⁶ Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
²⁷ Department of Medical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China.
²⁸ Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
²⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, Cancer Center of PLA, Qinhuai Medical Area, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
³⁰ Department of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
³¹ Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
³² Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
³³ Department of Orthopaedic Oncology Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100035, China.
³⁴ Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Hwamei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315010, China.
³⁵ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou 317000, China.
³⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, the 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team (the Former Fuzhou General Hospital), Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China.
³⁷ Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
³⁸ Department of Oncology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100700, China.
³⁹ Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, China.
⁴⁰ Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
⁴¹ State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University), Guangzhou 510300, China.
⁴² Department of Thoracic Oncology, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China.
⁴³ Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, China.
⁴⁴ Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore.
⁴⁵ Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
⁴⁶ Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
⁴⁷ Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
⁴⁸ Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China.
⁵⁰ Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110042, China.
⁵¹ Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610041, China.
⁵² Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁵³ Division of Heme-Onc-Transplant, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 480, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.
⁵⁵ Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
⁵⁶ Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health. University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.
⁵⁷ Department of Thoracic Surgery, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo 04012-180, Brazil.
⁵⁸ State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
⁵⁹ Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China.
⁶⁰ Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
⁶¹ Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
⁶² Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
⁶³ Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, China.
⁶⁴ Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China.
⁶⁶ Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China.
⁶⁷ Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.
⁶⁸ Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China.
⁶⁹ Department of Oncology, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
⁷⁰ Department of Oncology, Xijing Hopsital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
⁷¹ Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
⁷² Thoracic Surgery, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
⁷³ Department of Oncology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
⁷⁴ MESOPATH in the Department of Biopathology Cancer Center Leon Berard in Lyon, 69373 Lyon, France.
⁷⁵ Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
⁷⁶ Department of Pathology, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland.
⁷⁷ Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
⁷⁸ Department of Medical, Shanghai OrigiMed Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201114, China.
⁷⁹ Department of Medical, Menarini Silicon Biosystems Spa, Shanghai 200065, China.
⁸⁰ Division of Thoracic Surgery, Karl Landsteiner Institute for Clinical and Translational Thoracic Surgical Research, Vienna Healthcare Group, Clinic Floridsdorf, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
⁸¹ Department of Oncology, Baotou Cancer Hospital, Baotou 014000, China.
⁸² Department of Thoracic Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China.
⁸³ Department of Medical Oncology, Dr.B.R.A. IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 124103, India.
⁸⁴ Department of Oncology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui 323000, China.
⁸⁵ Department of Interventional Pulmonary Diseases, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei 230011, China.
⁸⁶ Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinnan 250012, China.
⁸⁷ Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200070, China.
⁸⁸ Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China.
⁸⁹ Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, New York, NY 10595, USA.
⁹⁰ Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, New York, NY 10532, USA.
⁹¹ Department of the Comprehensive Cancer Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
⁹² Department of Pathology, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China.
⁹³ Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
⁹⁴ Department of Interventional Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
⁹⁵ Ben Gurion University, Lung Cancer Service, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel Aviv 6971028, Israel.
⁹⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, China.
⁹⁷ Department of Gynecologic Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China.
⁹⁸ Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China.
⁹⁹ Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China.
¹⁰¹ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
¹⁰² Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
¹⁰³ Senior Department of Oncology, The 5 Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Pathology, Annhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210002, China.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Clinical Oncology, the 901 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of People Liberation Army, Hefei 230031, China.
¹⁰⁸ Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Chuxiong 675000, China.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
¹¹⁰ Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
¹¹¹ Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt.
¹¹² Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
¹¹³ Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Melanoma and Sarcoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
¹¹⁴ International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
¹¹⁵ National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China.
¹¹⁶ Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China.
¹¹⁷ Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
¹¹⁸ Department of Internal Medicine, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
¹¹⁹ Department of Bone and Soft-tissue Surgery, Chinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China.
¹²⁰ Department of Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining 810001, China.
¹²¹ Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
¹²² Early Phase Trials Unit, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
¹²³ Department of Pathology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
¹²⁴ Lung Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK.
¹²⁵ Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
¹²⁶ Roffo Oncology Institute of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121AAR, Argentina.
¹²⁷ Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.
¹²⁸ Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
¹²⁹ Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
¹³⁰ Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
¹³¹ Department of Breast Cancer and Urological Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
¹³² Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
¹³³ Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
¹³⁴ Department of Oncology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
¹³⁵ Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
¹³⁶ Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
¹³⁷ Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
¹³⁸ Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
¹³⁹ Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
¹⁴⁰ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
¹⁴¹ Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China.

PMID: 41737331
PMCID: PMC12925906
DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2025.101068

Abstract

Nuclear protein in testis (NUT) carcinoma (NC) represents a rare, clinically aggressive cancer defined by pathognomonic NUT Midline Carcinoma Family Member 1 (NUTM1) gene fusions, with bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) protein 4 (BRD4)-NUTM1 being the predominant oncogenic driver. Since its description in 1991, gradual advances have clarified the pathologic mechanisms of NC and its diagnostic methods; however, NC treatment remains a significant challenge. Moreover, diagnostic and treatment approaches for this cancer require further validation and standardization. These guidelines were developed by the Chinese Alliance of Research for NC (ChARN) based on current evidence in the literature and incorporate consensus-based input from multiple international experts. They provide comprehensive guidance on NC diagnosis and treatment, covering epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, therapeutic strategies, BET-inhibitor toxicity, palliative care, and prognostic assessment during follow-up. They also emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary team collaboration in NC treatment and recommend prioritizing enrollment in prospective clinical trials for patients. Current mainstays of treatment include surgical resection, radiotherapy, and medical treatment (chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy), although no standard treatment protocol exists. Future research directions include improving diagnostic efficiency, exploring new therapeutic strategies (such as highly selective BET inhibitors, BET-inhibitor combinations, and PROTAC technologies), and recommending basket trials as a research approach for patients with NUTM1 gene fusions.

Keywords: NUT carcinoma; diagnosis; guideline; treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Pathogenic mechanisms of NUT-fusion oncoprotein

**Figure 2**
NUT diagnostic and treatment flowchart

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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International guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of NUT carcinoma

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International guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of NUT carcinoma

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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