Decoupled Global Trends in Zinc Deficiency-attributable Burden (GBD CRA) and Depressive Disorders, 1990-2021: a GBD 2021 Analysis

Chenqi Li^#^{1

2}, Hongtao Lu^#¹, Qicheng Zhou^#¹, Yicui Qu^#¹, Mengyu Cai¹, Wenjing Shi¹, Yinyin Zhang¹, Gen Miao¹, Yuxiao Tang³, Hui Shen^{4

5

6}, Biao Gao^{7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
² Department of Nutrition, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
³ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. tangyuxiao@smmu.edu.cn.
⁴ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. shenhui@smmu.edu.cn.
⁵ Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. shenhui@smmu.edu.cn.
⁶ Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. shenhui@smmu.edu.cn.
⁷ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. gbdata@163.com.
⁸ Teaching and Research Support Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. gbdata@163.com.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 41838381
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-026-05063-z

Decoupled Global Trends in Zinc Deficiency-attributable Burden (GBD CRA) and Depressive Disorders, 1990-2021: a GBD 2021 Analysis

Chenqi Li et al. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2026.

. 2026 Mar 16.

doi: 10.1007/s12011-026-05063-z. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Chenqi Li^#^{1

2}, Hongtao Lu^#¹, Qicheng Zhou^#¹, Yicui Qu^#¹, Mengyu Cai¹, Wenjing Shi¹, Yinyin Zhang¹, Gen Miao¹, Yuxiao Tang³, Hui Shen^{4

5

6}, Biao Gao^{7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
² Department of Nutrition, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
³ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. tangyuxiao@smmu.edu.cn.
⁴ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. shenhui@smmu.edu.cn.
⁵ Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. shenhui@smmu.edu.cn.
⁶ Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. shenhui@smmu.edu.cn.
⁷ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. gbdata@163.com.
⁸ Teaching and Research Support Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. gbdata@163.com.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 41838381
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-026-05063-z

No abstract available

Keywords: Age-standardized rate; Comparative risk assessment; DALY; Depressive disorders; Global Burden of Disease; Socio-demographic Index; Spatial analysis; Zinc deficiency–attributable burden.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this work.

References

1. Gbd-Diseases-And-Injuries-Collaborators (2024) Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403(10440):2133–2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00757-8
1. Gbd-Us-Burden-Of-Disease-Collaborators (2024) The burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors by state in the USA, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 404(10469):2314–2340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01446-6
1. Zhou J, Zhang Y, He S, Xu S, Sun Q, Zhao T, Dai Y (2025) Accelerated global burden of depressive disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic from 2019 to 2021. Sci Rep 15(1):9529. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-93923-4 - DOI - PubMed - PMC
1. Banerjee A, Duflo E, Grela E, Mckelway M, Schilbach F, Sharma G, Vaidyanathan G (2023) Depression and loneliness among the elderly in low- and middle-income countries. J Econ Perspect 37(2):179–202. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.37.2.179IF . 8.8 Q1%U https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.37.2.179 - DOI
1. Patel V, Burns JK, Dhingra M, Tarver L, Kohrt BA, Lund C (2018) Income inequality and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association and a scoping review of mechanisms. World Psychiatry 17(1):76–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20492 - DOI - PubMed - PMC

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Decoupled Global Trends in Zinc Deficiency-attributable Burden (GBD CRA) and Depressive Disorders, 1990-2021: a GBD 2021 Analysis

Affiliations

Decoupled Global Trends in Zinc Deficiency-attributable Burden (GBD CRA) and Depressive Disorders, 1990-2021: a GBD 2021 Analysis

Authors

Affiliations

Conflict of interest statement

References

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