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Review
. 2026 Mar 18.
doi: 10.1186/s10194-026-02326-x. Online ahead of print.

Temporal and regional trends in the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a systematic review

Woo-Seok Ha #  1 , Soyoun Choi #  2 , Mi-Kyoung Kang  3 , Hye Yun Kim  4 , Soo-Jin Cho  3 , Soo-Kyoung Kim #  5 , Mi Ji Lee #  6   7
Affiliations
Review

Temporal and regional trends in the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a systematic review

Woo-Seok Ha et al. J Headache Pain. .
No abstract available

Keywords: Blood patch; CSF hypovolemia; Cerebrospinal fluid leak; Epidural; Intracranial hypotension; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic resonance myelography.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline. As the study was based exclusively on the analysis of previously published literature, it was deemed exempt from our institutional review board approval. For all studies included in this review, approval by their respective institutional or regional ethics committees was presumed based on the original publications. Because this analysis did not involve direct patient contact or the use of identifiable individual-level data, the requirement for individual patient consent was waived. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: WSH serves as junior editor of The Journal of Headache and Pain.

References

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    1. Pradeep A, Madhavan AA, Brinjikji W, Cutsforth-Gregory JK (2025) Incidence of spontaneous intracranial hypotension in Olmsted County, Minnesota: 2019–2021. Interv Neuroradiol 31(3):364–368. https://doi.org/10.1177/15910199231165429
    1. Schievink WI, Maya MM, Moser FG, Simon P, Nuño M (2022) Incidence of spontaneous intracranial hypotension in a community: Beverly Hills, California, 2006–2020. Cephalalgia 42(4–5):312–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024211048510
    1. Hoxworth JM, Patel AC, Bosch EP, Nelson KD (2009) Localization of a rapid CSF leak with digital subtraction myelography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30(3):516–519. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1294
    1. Luetmer PH, Mokri B (2003) Dynamic CT myelography: a technique for localizing high-flow spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24(8):1711–1714