Nanoparticle-Catalysed Microwave-Driven MCRs for Sustainable Heterocycle Synthesis

Abstract

Nanoparticle-catalysed microwave-aided multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have been demonstrated to be competent and environmentally benign tools for the quick synthesis of a wide spectrum of fused heterocyclic systems. The distinctive physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, including a substantial surface area, readily modifiable surface functionality, and heightened catalytic activities, when coupled with microwave irradiation, have enabled a marked improvement in reaction rates, product yields, and selectivity compared to conventional heating methods. This review highlights recent advancements in microwave-assisted MCRs facilitated by diverse nanomaterials, such as magnetic nanocatalysts, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, mesoporous silica systems, and nanohybrids. It emphasises catalyst design, catalytic efficacy, scope, recyclability, and alignment with green chemistry principles in both solvent-free and aqueous environments, as well as the utilisation of recyclable catalysts. In summary, microwave-assisted multi-component reactions catalysed by nanoparticles are ecofriendly and versatile methods for the sustainable synthesis of such fused heterocycles containing bioactive pyridine, pyrazole, phenazine, pyrimidine, pyran, imidazole, and relevant pyridine derivatives, possessing potential in medicinal and material chemistry.

Keywords: green chemistry; green synthesis; microwave MCRs; nanoparticle catalysis; recyclable catalysts; sustainable heterocycles.

Scheme 1

Preparation of pyridine derivatives catalysed by CoFe₂O₄@SiO₂-SO₃H NPs.

Scheme 2

Synthesis of functionalized pyridine derivatives catalysed by MNPs-niacin.

Scheme 3

Preparation of functionalized dihydropyridine derivatives using H₃PW₁₂O₄₀@nano-ZnO.

Scheme 4

Preparation of imidazo-pyrimidine derivatives catalysed by NiFe₂O₄@MCM-41@IL/Pt.

Scheme 5

Synthesis of functionalized dihydropyrimidine derivatives catalysed by [Ni(II)Y] NPs.

Scheme 6

Synthesis of dihydro-pyrimidinone derivatives catalysed by PGO.

Scheme 7

Synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives catalysed by ZnO–Co₃O₄–CuO NPs.

Scheme 8

Preparation of tetrahydropyrimidine and polyhydroquinoline derivatives using NiFe₂O₄@ZnMn₂O₄ NPs.

Scheme 9

Biginelli reactions catalysed by Fe₃O₄@MSA.

Scheme 10

Synthesis of amino-pyrimidine derivatives catalysed by NiTiO₃/MK30.

Scheme 11

Synthesis of octahydroquinazolinones catalysed by Cu@Ag core shell.

Scheme 12

Synthesis of benzo-imidazo-pyrimidine derivatives catalysed byFe₃O₄@SiO₂@L-glutamine.

Scheme 13

Synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones, imidazole and pyran derivatives catalysed by Fe₃O₄-DOPA-Cu NPs.

Scheme 14

Synthesis of pyrido-pyrimidine derivatives and thiazolopyrimidine derivatives.

Scheme 15

Preparation of triaryl imidazole derivatives using Cu(II) PL-COF.

Scheme 16

Synthesis of imidazole derivatives using Cr₂O₃ NPs.

Scheme 17

Preparation of triaryl imidazolyl quinoline derivatives catalysed by Fe₃O₄ NPs.

Scheme 18

Synthesis of benzo-phenazinyl imidazolone derivatives catalysed by H₃PW₁₂O₄₀@nano-TiO₂.

Scheme 19

Synthesis of chromene-functionalized imidazolidinone derivatives catalysed by graphene oxide.

Scheme 20

Synthesis of triazolo-indazole-triones catalysed by LCCO or S-LCCO NPs.

Scheme 21

Synthesis of propargyl-substituted pyran derivatives using catalytic activity of Fe₃O₄-MNPs@MMT-K10.

Scheme 22

Synthesis of chromene derivatives catalysed by Cr₂O₃ NPs.

Scheme 23

Synthesis of benzo-pyran derivatives catalysed by Co–Ni mixed oxide NPs.

Scheme 24

Preparation of benzochromenes catalysed by Co₃O₄ and Eu-doped Co₃O₄ NPs.

Scheme 25

Synthesis of tetrahydropyran using Ni_0.5Cu_0.5Fe₂O₄ catalyst.

Scheme 26

Synthesis of pyrazolo-pyran derivatives catalysed by Fe₃O₄@TiO₂–SO₃H NPs.

Scheme 27

Fe₃O₄@CS@Schiff base@Cu effectively catalysed the formation of propargylamine derivatives.

Scheme 28

Synthesis of tetra-substituted propargylamine catalysed by CuNPs@ZnO–PTh.

Scheme 29

Preparation of propargylamines catalysed by AgNPs@g-C₃N_4.

Scheme 30

Synthsis of benzo-furo-phenazines catalysed by Fe₃O₄@MCM-48@IL/Pd.

Scheme 31

Preparation of benzo-furo-phenazine derivatives catalysed by Fe₃O₄@rGO@ZnO–HPA.

Scheme 32

Synthesis of benzo-furo-phenazine derivatives using H₃PW₁₂O₄₀@Fe₃O₄/ZnO NPs.

Scheme 33

Synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives using MgFe₂O₄@SiO₂–SO₃H.

Scheme 34

Preparation of quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives.

Scheme 35

Synthesis of benzo-furo-quinoxaline derivatives catalysed by Fe₃O₄@rGO@ZnO–HPA.

Scheme 36

Preparation of xanthene derivatives using Zr-MOF.

Scheme 37

Synthesis of benzodioxolo-xanthenone derivatives catalysed by ZnO–β-zeolite.

Scheme 38

Preparation of hexahydroacridine-dione derivatives using Co/C NPS.

Scheme 39

Synthesis of azlactones catalysed by Zr/P co-doped TiO₂.

Scheme 40

Synthesis of thiophene derivatives catalysed by eggshell/Fe₃O₄.

Scheme 41

Preparation of benzthioxazinone and benzoxazinone derivatives catalysed by MgFe₂O₄@SiO₂–SO₃H- MNPs.

Scheme 42

Preparation of benzoxazinone derivatives using γ–Fe₂O₃@CPTMS-DETA@SO₃H.

Scheme 43

Synthesis of benzodiazepine derivatives catalysed by Cu@PI–COF.

Scheme 44

Preparation of tetrazole derivatives catalysed by MNPs–picolylamine–Cu(OAc)₂.

Scheme 45

Synthesis of pyranopyrazoles using CoFe₂O₄@SiO₂-HClO₄ NPs.

Scheme 46

Synthesis of indole derivatives catalysed by Au NPs.

Scheme 47

Synthesis of benzoxazole derivatives catalysed by MnO₂ NPs.

Scheme 48

Synthesis of triazole derivatives catalysed by NiO/Cu₂O NCs.

Figure 1

Mechanistic actions in MW-assisted MCRs catalysed by NPs.