Brain death: I. Angiographic correlation with the radioisotopic bolus technique for evaluation of critical deficit of cerebral blood flow

Abstract

An innocuous intravenous portable radioisotopic test using technetium 99m pertechnetate was employed to demonstrate the deficit of cerebral blood flow associated with brain death. The results are compared to those of bilateral carotid and vertebral angiography in 20 patients. Absence of a bolus tracing from the head in the presence of a control tracing of a bolus from the femoral artery in two successive studies one hour apart reliably correlated with the clinical and electroencephalographic findings signifying cerebral death in comatose, apneic patients. Angiography indicated absence of intracranial circulation in 10 patients. Stasis filling or retrograde emptying of arterial vessels (or both) occurred in 7 patients. There was no evidence of venous filling in any of these 17 patients; all of them had either an absent head bolus or an "intermediate tracing." Results indicate that either form of tracing represents a critical decrease of cerebral blood flow. Two other patients had evidence of severely impaired abnormal posterior fossa circulation without angiographic evidence of cerebral circulation; both of these patients had an absent head bolus. An additional patient had an unusually small head bolus, and angiography revealed extravasation of radiopaque material but no evidence of intracranial circulation. We conclude that the bolus technique is a helpful adjunct in diagnosing brain death.