Studies on the antibody composition and neutralizing activity of tetanus antitoxin sera from various species of animals in relation to the antigenic substructure of the tetanus toxin molecule

Abstract

On the basis of the antigenic substructure of tetanus neurotoxin, the antitoxin compositions of horse, rabbit and human tetanus antitoxin sera, in terms of their contents of antibodies against four antigenic determinant groups (alpha, beta-1, beta-2 and the "topographic" determinant group gamma) so far known for the toxin were studied by quantitative precipitation reactions using purified toxin, complementary fragments alpha, beta and fragment beta-1 (a subfragment of fragment beta) of the toxin. The antitoxin antibody composition varied slightly depending on the antiserum preparation. In addition, different patterns of antitoxin antibody composition and toxin-neutralizing ability, characteristic of horse, rabbit and man were found: horse antitoxin sera contained all four kinds of antibodies and horse anti-gamma showed low toxin-neutralizing ability, while human antisera lacked anti-alpha and had anti-gamma with high neutralizing activity but contained anti-beta-1 with no detectable neutralizing activity. Rabbit sera showed an intermediate pattern between those of horse and human sera. In all antisera, antibodies against determinants on the isolated fragment beta account for approximately 80-50 percent of the total precipitable antibodies and anti-beta-2 antibody was invariably present. Immunodiffusion analyses showed that the antitoxin compositions of mouse and guinea pig antisera resembled those of human antisera. In mice, fragment beta was almost as efficient as whole toxin toxoid in eliciting a protective immune response on an equal weight basis, whereas fragments beta-1 and alpha were both relatively poor antigens.