Dimethonium, a divalent cation that exerts only a screening effect on the electrostatic potential adjacent to negatively charged phospholipid bilayer membranes

Abstract

Calcium and other alkaline earth cations change the electrostatic potential adjacent to negatively charged bilayer membranes both by accumulating in the aqueous diffuse double layer adjacent to the membrane and by adsorbing to the phospholipids. The effects of these cations on the electrostatic potential are described adequately by the Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory. We report the results of experiments with ethane-bis-trimethylammonium, a cation that has been termed "dimethonium" or "ethamethonium" in analogy with hexamethonium (hexane-1,6-bis-trimethylammonium) and decamethonium (decane-1,10-bis-trimethylammonium). We examined the effect of dimethonium on the zeta potential of multilamellar vesicles formed from the negative lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) and from 5:1 phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine mixtures in solutions containing 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 M sodium, cesium, or tetramethylammonium chloride. We also examined the effect of dimethonium on the conductance of planar PS bilayer membranes and the 31P NMR signal from sonicated PS vesicles formed in 0.1 M NaCl. We found no evidence that dimethonium adsorbs specifically to bilayer membranes. All the results, except for those obtained with vesicles of low charge density formed in a solution with a high salt concentration, are consistent with the predictions of the Gouy-Chapman theory. We conclude that dimethonium, which does not have the pharmacological effects of hexamethonium and decamethonium, is a useful divalent cation for physiologists interested in investigating electrostatic potentials adjacent to biological membranes.