Further evidence for the protein coding potential of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat: nucleotide sequence of an endogenous proviral long terminal repeat

Abstract

The 3' half of an endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus from a C3H mouse was cloned in the Charon 4A vector phage. A comparison of the proviral clone with previously published endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus restriction maps identified it as endogenous unit II (J. Cohen and H. Varmus, Nature [London] 278:418-423, 1979), which is present in all inbred mouse strains derived from the original Bagg albino x DBA cross. The nucleotide sequence of the unit II long terminal redundancy (LTR) was determined and compared with the sequence previously determined for the exogenous C3H virus LTR (Donehower et al., J. Virol. 37:226-238, 1981). Virtually all sequence differences between the two LTRs were base substitutions. The total amount of sequence divergence was 6.6%. The large open reading frame reported previously in the exogenous LTR was preserved in the endogenous LTR. In addition, the pattern of sequence divergence was highly nonrandom with respect to the putative amino acid codons of the two open reading frames. Most of the base substitutions in this region resulted in silent or conservative amino acid codon changes. The nonrandom divergence pattern indicates that selective forces are operating on this segment of DNA and argues that the putative protein is functional in the life cycle of mouse mammary tumor virus. Possible roles for the protein and its mode of expression are discussed.