Alternative splicing pathways exist in the formation of adenoviral late messenger RNAs

Abstract

Total rapidly labeled RNA was extracted from nuclei of HeLa cells late after infection with adenovirus type 2. Most of this nuclear RNA is transcribed from the major late transcription unit (16.2 to 100.0 map units (m.u.)). To study the cleavage reactions that are involved in RNA splicing, we used the S1 nuclease mapping technique with HindIII B (16.8 to 31.5 m.u.) and XhoI F (15.5 to 22.4 m.u.) restriction fragments as DNA probes. The S1 mapping data showed that both intron 1 (16.3 to 19.1 m.u.) and intron 2 (19.4 to 26.2 m.u.) can be excised in more than one step. Kinetic labeling and pulse--chase experiments demonstrated that certain cleavage sites in the RNA are used within three minutes after the start of transcription, while other cleavages occur only after a significant time-lag. The use of 5.6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole enabled us to label the nuclear RNA exclusively from the 5' end. Such an approach showed that the first cleavages are introduced in the nascent RNA before the RNA polymerase has passed more than 2000 nucleotides beyond the cleavage site. The chronology of the appearance of processing intermediates that results from cleavage of the RNA indicates that preferentially intron 1 is removed before intron 2. This is an agreement with the finding that leader 1 is ligated to leader 2 before ligation of leader 2 to leader 3 takes place. However, we have found that alternative splicing pathways exist in the excision of introns 1 and 2, demonstrating that cleavage in intron 2 may occur before intron 1 is attacked by the splicing enzymes.