Appearance of monoglyceride and triglyceride in the cell envelope of Escherichia coli mutants defective in diglyceride kinase

Abstract

Diglyceride kinase mutants of Escherichia coli contain about 50- to 100-fold more 1,2-diglyceride than wild type cells. We now report that monoglyceride and triglyceride also accumulate in these strains. In mutant RZ60 (dgk-6) these compounds represent about 1 and 0.2%, respectively, of the total lipid fraction, while diglyceride represents 5-8% under most conditions. Monoglyceride accumulates predominantly in the outer membrane, while triglyceride builds up together with diglyceride in the cytoplasmic membrane. Under typical growth conditions about two-thirds of the diglyceride in E. coli arises in conjunction with synthesis of the membrane-derived oligosaccharides (Raetz, C.R.H., and Newman, K.F. (1979) J. Bacteriol. 137, 860-868). Inhibition of membrane-derived oligosaccharides (MDO) synthesis also curtails the accumulation of monoglyceride and triglyceride. However, there appears to be at least one other MDO-independent source of diglyceride and related metabolites. Since MDO synthesis is suppressed by high osmolarity (Kennedy, E.P. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A. 79, 1092-1095), we have examined the effects of osmolarity on diglyceride accumulation in RZ60 (dgk-6). As expected, if MDO synthesis and diglyceride formation are coupled, the diglyceride level in RZ60 is higher at low osmolarity, while at high osmolarity the level of diglyceride is reduced to that observed in double mutants defective both in MDO synthesis and diglyceride kinase. Since dgk mutants do not grow at very low osmolarity, we have isolated several spontaneous phenotypic revertants that do. One class regains diglyceride kinase and has low diglyceride levels under all conditions. The other class remains defective in diglyceride kinase but tolerates higher diglyceride levels which amount to 13% of the total lipid during maximal induction of MDO synthesis at low osmolarity.