Studies with inactivated equine influenza vaccine. 1. Serological responses of ponies to graded doses of vaccine

Abstract

Serological responses to three bivalent aqueous equine influenza vaccines of different potency and an adjuvanted bivalent vaccine containing inactivated A/equine/Prague/56 (H7N7) and A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8) viruses, were examined in seronegative ponies. Potencies of the vaccines, measured by single-radial-diffusion tests, ranged from 4 to 56 micrograms of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen activity/virus strain per dose. Serological responses to vaccination were examined by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) tests. Four weeks after a primary dose, HI responses to both vaccine viruses were barely detectable; after a second dose the HI responses to A/Miami/63 virus were low or undetectable but HI responses to A/Prague/56 virus were higher (17/20 ponies with titres greater than or equal to 1:16). In contrast SRH tests revealed dose-related antibody responses to both virus strains after one and two vaccine doses; levels after the second dose were 2- to 5-fold higher than after the primary dose. Highest post-vaccination antibody titres were obtained with the adjuvanted vaccine which contained 2- to 4-fold less antigen (13-23 micrograms HA) than the most potent aqueous vaccine. Post-vaccination antibody reacted well in SRH tests with recent antigenic variants of equine influenza virus. A remarkable finding was the high rate of decline in antibody, detected by HI or SRH tests, following one or two doses of vaccine. Even in animals with the highest post-vaccine antibody levels 2-4 weeks after a booster dose, antibody levels had declined to low or indetectable levels 14 weeks later. The low antibody titres detected at 14-32 weeks after vaccination were nevertheless vaccine dose-related.