Iron overload disorders: natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy

Abstract

Hemochromatosis is a syndrome which, when fully expressed, is manifested by melanoderma , diabetes mellitus, and liver cirrhosis, with iron overload involving parenchymal and reticuloendothelial cells in many organ systems. This clinical presentation may arise as a consequence of either hereditary or acquired abnormalities of iron overload, although the mechanisms are quite different. In hereditary hemochromatosis (also known as primary, or idiopathic, hemochromatosis), increased intestinal iron absorption leads to excessive accumulations of iron, throughout the body, particularly in parenchymal cells. In secondary forms of iron overload including transfusional hemosiderosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, and porphyria cutanea tarda, iron accumulates in the reticuloendothelial system initially, but with increasing amounts of total body iron, excessive iron deposits eventually accumulate in parenchymal cells throughout the body producing a picture indistinguishable from hereditary hemochromatosis. In this article, the course, prognosis, and therapy of iron overload will be reviewed in detail. Clinical and experimental data concerning the pathogenesis of the different forms of iron overload will be examined critically. In particular, information relating to possible abnormalities of reticuloendothelial function, intestinal mucosal iron transport, and alterations in serum and tissue isoferritin patterns in hereditary hemochromatosis will be analyzed, and possible directions for future research will be suggested. The mode of inheritance and linkage with the major histocompatibility (HLA) complex will be discussed. Theories on the pathogenesis of tissue damage by excess iron will be evaluated. Methods for measuring the extent of iron overload in clinical practice will be described, including measurements of serum iron, serum ferritin, iron absorption, cobalt excretion, desferrioxamine excretion, liver biopsy and tissue iron determinations, and HLA typing. Finally, unresolved problems in the understanding of the disease process, diagnosis, and therapy will be delineated.