Developmental sequence in the origin of descending spinal pathways. Studies using retrograde transport techniques in the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana)

Abstract

The origin of descending pathways to thoracic and cervical levels of the spinal cord has been investigated with retrograde tracing techniques in a series of pouch young and adult opossums. The opossum was chosen because it is born in a very immature state, 12-13 days after conception, and has a protracted development in an external pouch. A few neurons in the pontine reticular formation and nucleus coeruleus were labeled by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections of the thoracic cord as early as postnatal day (PND) 3. By PND 5, similar injections labeled neurons in the same areas as well as in the medullary reticular formation, the raphe nuclei of the caudal pons and medulla, the spinal trigeminal nuclei, the vestibular complex, the accessory oculomotor nuclei and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. When Nuclear Yellow (NY) was employed, neurons were also labeled in the red nucleus, the hypothalamus and possibly in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Regardless of the technique employed, neurons in the dorsal column nuclei were not labeled by thoracic injections until at least PND 14. Axons from the nucleus ambiguus, the fastigial and interposed nuclei of the cerebellum as well as the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus reach cervical levels of the cord, where they are specifically targeted, by at least PND 17. They do not significantly overgrow those levels during development. Corticospinal axons are the last of the major descending pathways to innervate the spinal cord. Cortical neurons cannot be labeled by cervical injections of either HRP or NY until at least PND 30. Evidence for transient brainstem-spinal and corticospinal projections was obtained.