The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome with exostoses (or Langer-Giedion syndrome): four additional patients without mental retardation and review of the literature

Abstract

We report on four patients with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome with exostoses (TRPSE) who were not mentally retarded and review 32 previously published cases. These data enable more complete delineation of the phenotype and document the variability of the clinical and radiographic manifestations. Information on the genetics and the association with del(8q) is discussed, as are management and avenues for further investigation. The apparent variability of intelligence in TRPSE patients together with the high incidence of other problems, including significant delay in speech development and hearing loss, make systematic multidisciplinary evaluation and long-term treatment necessary to achieve the best outcome.