Sequence dependence of base-pair stacking in right-handed DNA in solution: proton nuclear Overhauser effect NMR measurements

Abstract

Single-crystal x-ray studies of d(C-G-C-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G) exhibit base-pair propeller twisting [Dickerson, R. E. & Drew, H. R. (1981) J. Mol. Biol. 149, 761-786] that results in close contacts between adjacent purines in the minor groove in pyrimidine (3'-5')-purine steps and in the major groove in purine (3'-5')-pyrimidine steps [Calladine, C. R. (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 161, 343-362]. These observations require an approximately 3.4 A separation between the minor groove edges of adenosines on adjacent base pairs for the dA-dA step but predict a smaller separation for the dT-dA step and a larger separation for the dA-dT step in a D(A-T-T-A).d(T-A-A-T) fragment. We have confirmed these predictions from steady-state nuclear Overhauser effect measurements between assigned minor groove adenosine H-2 protons on adjacent base pairs in the proton NMR spectrum of the d(C1-G2-A3-T4-T5-A6-T6-A5-A4-T3-C2-G1) self-complementary dodecanucleotide duplex (henceforth called the Pribnow 12-mer) in solution. The measured cross-relaxation rates (product of steady-state nuclear Overhauser effect and selective spin- lattice relaxation rates) translate to interproton separations between adjacent adenosine H-2 protons of 4.22 A in the (dA3-dT4).(dA4-dT3) step, of 3.56 A in the (dT4-dT5).dA5-dA4) step, and of 3.17 A in the (dT5-dA6).(dT6-dA5) step for the Pribnow 12-mer duplex with an isotropic rotational correlation time of 9 ns at 5 degrees C. These proton NMR results show that the sequence-dependent base-pair stacking resulting from base-pair propeller twisting of defined handedness for right-handed DNA in the solid state is maintained in aqueous solution.