Pulmonary gas exchange during venoarterial bypass with a membrane lung for acute respiratory failure

Abstract

In patients with fulminating pulmonary edema not responsive to conventional therapy, venoarterial membrane lung bypass can provide assistance if decreased systemic blood pressure prevents use of high-level positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation. In 10 patients with acute respiratory failure, partial venoarterial bypass provided a rapid and marked improvement of systemic oxygenation. Measurement of pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and intrapulmonary shunting (QS/QP) during bypass via prolonged left heart catheterization showed that left ventricular PaO2 was increased through a rapid and profound reduction of QS/QP. During the first days of bypass, derecruitment of pulmonary vessels is probably the mechanism of improved pulmonary oxygenation. When low pulmonary arterial pressures (PAP) are sustained, resorption of pulmonary edema is favored. Despite the beneficial effects of bypass, death occurred in every case due to diffuse interstitial fibrosis and/or parenchymal damage. The absence of healing, due to prolonged circulatory exclusion, may be detrimental despite immediate improvement. Because of this possibility, venovenous or mixed perfusion should be more extensively explored.