Autophosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase. Divalent metal cation and nucleotide dependency

Abstract

This study reports on the divalent metal ion specificity for phosphorylase kinase autophosphorylation and, in particular, provides a comparison between the efficacy of Mg2+ and Mn2+ in this role. As well as requiring Ca2+ plus divalent metal ion-ATP2- as substrate, both phosphorylase kinase autoactivation and phosphorylase conversion are additionally modulated by divalent cations. However, these reactions are affected differently by different ions. Phosphorylase kinase-catalyzed phosphorylase conversion is maximally enhanced by a 4- to 10-fold lower concentration of Mg2+ than is autocatalysis and, whereas both reactions are stimulated by Mg2+, autophosphorylation is activated by Mn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ while phosphorylase a formation is inhibited. This difference may be due to an effect of free Mn2+ on phosphorylase rather than the inability of phosphorylase kinase to use MnATP as a substrate when catalyzing phosphorylase conversion since Mn2+, when added at a level which minimally decreases [MgATP], greatly inhibits phosphorylase phosphorylation. The interactions of Mn2+ with phosphorylase kinase are different from those of Mg2+. Not only are the effects of these ions on phosphorylase activation opposite, but they also provoke different patterns of subunit phosphorylation during phosphorylase kinase autocatalysis. With Mn2+, the time lag of phosphorylation of both the alpha and beta subunits of phosphorylase kinase in autocatalysis is diminished in comparison to what is observed with Mg2+, and the beta subunit is only phosphorylated to a maximum of 1 mol/mol of subunit. With both Mg2+ and Mn2+ the alpha subunit is phosphorylated to a level in excess of 3 mol/mol, a level similar to that obtained for beta subunit phosphorylation in the presence of Mg2+. The support of autophosphorylation by both Co2+ and Ni2+ has characteristics similar to those observed with Mn2+. Although Mn2+ stimulation of autophosphorylation occurs at levels much higher than normal physiological levels, the possible potential of phosphorylase kinase autophosphorylation as a control mechanism is illustrated by the 80- to 100-fold activation that occurs in the presence of Mn2+, a level far in excess of the enzyme activity change normally seen with covalent modification. Autophosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase demonstrates a Km for Mg X ATP2- of 27.7 microM and a Ka for Mg2+ of 3.1 mM. The reaction mechanism of autophosphorylation is intramolecular. This latter observation may indicate that phosphorylase kinase autocatalysis could be of potential physiological relevance and could occur with equal facility in cells containing either constitutively high or low levels of this enzyme.