Protection of the blood-brain barrier during acute and chronic hypertension

Abstract

A new concept about sympathetic nerves has emerged recently: not only is sympathetic tone important in short-term regulation of vascular resistance, but chronic effects of nerves on vessels have important effects. This concept is supported by studies of mechanisms by which sympathetic nerves protect the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is susceptible to disruption during acute and chronic hypertension. Acute, severe hypertension produces passive dilatation of cerebral vessels with disruption of the BBB. Sympathetic stimulation attenuates the increase in cerebral blood flow during acute hypertension and thereby protects the BBB. During chronic hypertension, we have observed disruption of the barrier, which may contribute to hypertensive encephalopathy. Sympathetic nerves protect against disruption of the BBB during chronic hypertension. This protective effect is apparently related to a trophic effect of nerves in promotion of cerebral vascular hypertrophy during chronic hypertension. Thus, this is the first evidence that, in the same vascular bed, sympathetic nerves have two different protective effects. Protection of the BBB is accomplished acutely by sympathetic neural effects on vascular resistance and chronically by promotion of vascular hypertrophy.