Amino acid composition of gliadin fractions which may be toxic to individuals with coeliac disease

Abstract

Fraction 9, prepared by chromatography of a peptic-tryptic-pancreatinic digest of gliadin on S.P. Sephadex C-25, was re-chromatographed on Q.A.E. Sephadex A-25 and subfractions 9-1 and 9-2 further purified on S.P. Sephadex C-25. Sub-fractions 9-1 and 9-2 and the purified sub-fractions 9-1B and 9-2B appeared to be toxic to patients with coeliac disease on the basis of causing a reduction in D-xylose absorption. Amino acid analysis of undigested residues from sub-fractions 9-1B and 9-2B obtained after 'in vitro' digestion with remission coeliac mucosa contained mainly glutamine/glutamic acid and proline with some serine, leucine, phenylalanine and glycine. Another fraction (fraction 3) of wheat gliadin prepared by peptic-tryptic digestion and ion-exchange chromatography on S.P. Sephadex, previously shown to produce a skin-reaction in adults with coeliac disease, has been further purified by ion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing and gel filtration. The sub-fractions were submitted to amino acid analysis and the results compared with those from the undigested residues above. Isoelectric focusing of fraction 3 of the P.T. digest and its sub-fractions showed the presence of peptides of pI approximately 4.8 and 5.6 with only small amounts of peptides on either side of this region. Mucosal digestion of fractions of peptic-tryptic-pancreatinic gliadin digests 'in vitro' appears to be a promising method for the elucidation of the primary structure of that section of the gliadin which may be responsible for the lesion in coeliac disease. The evaluation of higher molecular mass peptic-tryptic digests by intradermal skin tests could also be useful for the preliminary screening of fractions for feeding tests, but this approach seems less likely to indicate the toxic region of the gliadin molecule.