Immunity to influenza in ferrets. XIV: Comparative immunity following infection or immunization with live or inactivated vaccine

Abstract

Immunization by live influenza virus induced a greater protective effect against subsequent challenge by the homologous virus than by the corresponding killed virus vaccine. Furthermore, tracheas excised from 11-day and 28-day influenza-virus-infected ferrets were more resistant to reinfection than tracheas excised from ferrets immunized by killed influenza vaccine, despite equivalent serum antibody titres at these times. Histological examination of trachea sections taken from vaccinated and virus-infected animals showed an increased cellular inflammatory infiltrate in the latter at Days 11 and 28 after immunization. The amount of IgG detected in these sections, measured by a fluorescent antibody technique, correlated with the extent of cellular infiltration, the fluorescence being both intra- and extracellular for sections from virus-infected animals, but only extracellular in sections from Day-28 vaccinated animals. In contrast there was little or no cellular infiltration into lung tissues, the levels of IgG detected being comparable to those in sections taken from control animals. These results provide further evidence that live influenza vaccines induce local antibody in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets, in contrast to killed influenza vaccines, and that this local induction may play a significant role in the greater protective efficacy of live influenza vaccines.