Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using one-third of the patellar ligament, augmented by extra-articular tendon transfers

Abstract

Eighty patients with persistent clinical and functional instability of the knee due to anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency underwent the operation reported, in which one-third of the patellar ligament substitutes for the cruciate ligament and extraarticular tendon transfers, medial and lateral, augment the substitution. The patients were followed for a minimum of two years, and fifty returned for personal evaluation. The average follow-up was thirty-three months, with a range of two to five years. There were thirty-five male and fifteen female patients. The average age was twenty-three years. The average interval from initial injury to the index operation was two years. Meniscal tears and articular changes were noted in most of the patients. Forty-three (86 per cent) of the fifty patients had at least one torn meniscus, twenty-seven patients (54 per cent) had significant degenerative articular changes, and fourteen (28 per cent) had patellar articular changes. In the procedure described, eccentric placement of the tibial and femoral tunnels for more accurate placement of the patellar ligament substitute is essential. The over-all results were graded as excellent in thirty knees, good in seventeen, fair in one, and a failure in two. One knee that was classified as a failure showed excellent stability, but the patient had significant pain from chondromalacia of the patella, while significant pain and hyperesthesia from a neuroma was the reason for failure in the second patient.