Ischemic edema in stroke. A parallel study with computed tomography and cerebrospinal fluid markers of disturbed brain cell metabolism

Abstract

Thirteen patients with stroke and one with TIA had repeated examinations with computed tomography (CT) of the head, examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for adenylate kinase, glutathione, lactate, and albumin and clinical evaluations during the first fortnight after onset. In 9 patients with cerebral infarction edema shown on the CT scans was maximal on days 2--5, after which it diminished. In 2 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage the edema appeared early as a zone of low-attenuation around the high-attenuation area. Most patients with large lesions deteriorated clinically during development of the edema. In 3 patients the CT scans were inconclusive, probably because the lesion was too small. Adenylate kinase activity was present in all CSF samples during the period 6 hours-5 days, while glutathione was occasionally present in the CSF in 12 of the 14 patients. These findings are believed to indicate cell swelling and a leak in the plasma membrane. Based on these observations, it is suggested that initial ischemic edema is intracellular in patients with cerebral infarction, and that adenylate kinase in CSF is a sensitive marker for this type of edema.