Subcostal echocardiography to determine right ventricular pacing catheter position and control advancement of electrode catheters in intracardiac electrophysiologic studies. M mode and two dimensional studies

Abstract

To assess the value of subcostal echocardiography in determining the position of a right ventricular pacing catheter, M mode and two dimensional echocardiography was performed from four different locations in 30 patients. Subcostal M mode echocardiography had a higher detection rate of the pacing catheter than did the precordial M mode examination. However, with M mode echocardiography it was not possible to determine the position of the pacing catheter from any of the locations. The subcostal two dimensional echocardiography demonstrated the full length of the pacing catheter in the right heart chambers and its anatomic position in all patients and proved superior to the precordial approach. This technique allowed the detection of complications related to pacing catheters. A pacing catheter ejected from the ventricular cavity was found in the inferior vena cava. Perforation of the ventricular septum with a bipolar electrode for temporary pacing was also diagnosed. Subcostal two dimensional echocardiography was used in 20 patients as an additional technique for controlling the advancement of electrode catheters in right heart intracardiac electrophysiologic studies. The electrode catheters were successfully positioned at all routine sites in all patients except one. Thus, subcostal two dimensional echocardiography has advantages over fluoroscopy in the determination of pacing catheter position and in controlling the advancement of electrode catheters in intracardiac electrophysiologic studies.