Noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis. Physiology before and after shunts

Abstract

Controversy exists concerning the proper therapy for bleeding gastroesophageal varices secondary to noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis. Disparity of opinion exists regarding the significance of hepatic portal blood flow and the consequences of total portal-systemic shunts in this condition. One patient is presented who developed severe, crippling encephalopathy 20 years after a central splenorenal shunt. This was associated with loss of portal flow to the liver and marked nitrogen intolerance. Closure of the shunt resulted in restoration of hepatic portal flow via collateral veins (HPI 0.36), clearance of encephalopathy and return to near normal protein tolerance. An additional patient was studied with hyperammonemia and early suggestive signs of encephalopathy eight years following a mesocaval shunt. Four patients were evaluated before and after selective distal splenorenal shunts. All had "cavernous transformation" of the portal vein with angiographic evidence of portal flow to the liver. Postoperative angiograms revealed continued hepatic portal perfusion and a patent shunt in each patient. Radionuclide imaging postoperatively gave an estimated portal fraction of total hepatic blood flow (HPI) of .39 and .60 in two of the four patients. We conclude that 1) there is significant hepatic portal perfusion in noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis (cavernous transformation), 2) loss of this hepatic portal flow following total shunts can lead to severe encephalopathy, 3) the selective distal splenorenal shunt maintains hepatic portal perfusion and is the procedure of choice when there is a patent splenic vein and surgical intervention is indicated.