Pain coping mechanisms in fibromyalgia: relationship to pain and functional outcomes

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the factor structure of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and to compare the factors derived from this measure, along with the active and passive pain coping scales of the Pain Management Inventory (PMI) in predicting pain, depression, quality of well being (QWB), and pain behavior concurrently and over time.

Methods: One hundred twenty-two patients with FM were recruited from medical clinics, the community, and support groups. Eligible patients completed a battery of self-report measures of pain and psychosocial functioning at baseline assessment before random assignment to a clinical trial. A subset of 69 patients who completed the clinical trial were readministered the same battery 3 mo later. Data were analyzed within the baseline period, and from the baseline period to posttreatment to evaluate the predictive effects of coping strategies on clinical outcomes.

Results: Principal components analysis of the CSQ revealed Coping Attempts (CA) and Pain Control and Rational Thinking (PCRT) factors, which have been found in other patient populations with chronic pain. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that high active coping and low PCRT contributed to higher concurrent pain, while low active coping and high passive coping were related to greater concurrent depression and pain behavior, respectively. Controlling for baseline scores on criterion measures, longitudinal multiple regression analyses demonstrated that high active coping and low PCRT scores contributed to greater pain, greater depression, and lower QWB at posttreatment, while low PCRT alone predicted greater pain behavior.

Conclusion: The results show the import of the pain coping construct in FM and highlight the negative contribution of low perceived control over pain and high active coping to a range of pain outcomes. The findings on low perceived control converge with data on other chronic pain populations, while the role of active coping appears to be detrimental in FM, in contrast to its positive effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.