Identification of a novel virulence gene, virA, on the large plasmid of Shigella, involved in invasion and intercellular spreading

Abstract

A novel virulence gene (virA) was identified upstream of the virG gene on the large plasmid of Shigella flexneri 2a YSH6000. Characterization of virA mutants infecting MK2 epithelial cell monolayers revealed that their invasive capacity was decreased to less than one fifth of the wild-type level. Nevertheless, the bacteria were capable of expressing and secreting IpaB, IpaC and IpaD proteins. The virA mutants were also impaired in their ability to spread intercellularly, since the bacteria gave rise to a small number of foci in a focus-plaque-forming test with MK2 cells. Although virG expression was slightly decreased in the virA mutants, introduction of a cloned virG gene into a virA mutant, N1945, failed to restore spreading ability. Although, introduction of a cloned virA gene into N1945 restored invasiveness and spreading ability, the reduced virG transcription level was not affected, indicating that the reduced virG expression in virA mutants does not play a major role in defective intercellular spreading. The nucleotide sequence of the virA region revealed that the virA gene was located 528 bp upstream of the virG gene, in the opposite orientation. The deduced amino acid sequence of the VirA protein indicated a 44.7 kDa protein with no homology to known proteins. The VirA protein was secreted into the culture supernatant, a process that required the Mxi and Spa loci. The expression of virA was under the control of the virB gene, the positive regulator of the ipa, mxi and spa operons. These results indicate that virA is a new member of the invasion regulon directed by virB and that the VirA function is involved in invasion and intercellular spreading.