Mutants of the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) lacking double-stranded RNA binding domain I can act as transdominant inhibitors and induce malignant transformation

Abstract

Recently we reported that introduction of catalytically inactive PKR molecules into NIH 3T3 cells causes malignant transformation and the development of tumors in nude mice. We have proposed that PKR may be a tumor suppressor gene possibly because of its translational inhibitory properties. We have now designed and characterized a number of PKR mutants encoding proteins that retain their catalytic competence but are mutated in their regulatory double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding domains (RBDs). RNA binding analysis revealed that PKR proteins either lacking or with point mutations in the first RBD (RBD-1) bound negligible amounts of dsRNA activator or adenovirus VAI RNA inhibitor. Despite the lack of binding, such variants remained functionally competent but were much less active than wild-type PKR. PKR variants completely lacking RBD-1 were largely unresponsive to dsRNA in activation assays but could be activated by heparin. To complement these studies, we evaluated the effects of point mutations in RBD-1 or the removal of either RBD-1 or RBD-2 on the proliferation rate of mouse 3T3 cells. We were unsuccessful at isolating stably transformed cells expressing RBD-1 point mutants or RBD-2-minus mutants. In contrast, NIH 3T3 cells, which constitutively expressed PKR proteins that lacked RBD-1, were selected. These cells displayed a transformed phenotype and caused tumors after inoculation in nude mice. Further, levels of endogenous eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation in RBD-1-minus cell lines were reduced, suggesting that such mutants act in a dominant negative manner to inhibit the function of endogenous PKR. These results emphasize the importance of RBD-1 in PKR control of cell growth and provide additional evidence for the critical role played by PKR in the regulation of malignant transformation.