Spinal cord tumors: review of etiology, diagnosis, and multidisciplinary approach to treatment

Abstract

Spinal cord tumors (SCT) are a diverse group of uncommon neoplasms that develop from tissues in and around the spinal canal. They often have an indolent onset and progression of signs and symptoms, which may include back pain, extremity weakness, sensory alterations, and bowel or bladder incontinence. The most common SCTs are located in the extramedullary space and include meningiomas and neurofibromas. Intramedullary SCTs, for example ependymomas and astrocytomas, occur less frequently. The most useful screening test for diagnosis of a SCT is enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; myelography and computed tomography also can be helpful. The majority of SCTs are amenable to surgical therapy and can be partially or completely resected. Radiation therapy is reserved for incompletely resected low-grade tumors, malignant tumors, and recurrent tumors. The rehabilitative process should be initiated early on following diagnosis, if possible, in patients with neurologic deficits to minimize long-term disability.