[The use of ivermectin in the control of onchocerciasis]

Abstract

Onchocerciasis is an infection with the nematode Onchocerca volvulus. The main clinical symptoms are caused by the microfilariae. They include ocular lesions leading to blindness. Onchocerciasis is widely distributed in Africa from the Sahara to the southern tip, and is also found in some areas of South and Central America. Ivermectin was shown to be an effective treatment in the early 1980's, and is safe and better tolerated than diethylcarbamazine. We report the results of ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis, and various features of the control obtained by large-scale ivermectin treatment programs. In large-scale programs, ivermectin (150 micrograms/kg) is administered once a year. This dose paralyses the microfilariae, such that they are carried away by the lymph to the lymph nodes where they are destroyed. This dose thereby reduces the load of microfilaria by 90%. The effects of a dose of ivermectin last about two or three years, and the lesions in the anterior segment of the eye can be cured or substantially reduced. Regular treatment prevents severe lesions of the posterior segment of the eye. The effects of repeated treatment on lesions of the retina are currently under investigation. Frequent doses of ivermectin prevent the development of embryo parasites in the females, and reduces the number of adults by attrition. Large-scale treatment programs reduce the transmission of the parasite by its vectors. There are several problems impeding large-scale treatment programs. Choosing patients for priority treatment requires expensive and sometimes aggressive methods of diagnosis. Thus new techniques for the identification of communities in which onchocerciasis is a serious public health problem are required. The choice of strategies for distribution, to optimize the cost, benefit ratio and feasibility, remain controversial. Wide distribution by mobile teams is effective, but expensive. Active distribution by trained community distributors is a cheaper potential alternative. Clinic-based or passive distribution requires the population to present to be able to obtain ivermectin. Thus, although cheap, this approach is generally poorly effective. A further complication is the clearly defined criteria on which these methods should be evaluated.