[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in newborn infants and children]

Abstract

The purpose of this report is to describe our experience with veno-arterial (VA) and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) for neonates and children with severe acute respiratory or cardiocirculatory failure. From 1990 to 1994 20 neonates and 12 children were treated at the ECMO center in Graz. Indications for ECMO were acute respiratory failure in 27 patients and cardiocirculatory failure in 5 patients. Mean duration of ECMO was 228 +/- 30 hours. Fifteen neonates were weaned from ECMO and were subsequently extubated. Of the 12 children 7 had severe acute respiratory failure and underwent VV-ECMO. Five of these 7 children were weaned from ECMO and subsequently extubated. Only two of 5 patients with cardiac ECMO support could be weaned from bypass; one patient subsequently died, but the other patient is a long-term survivor. All patients with cardiac ECMO support after open heart surgery had severe mediastinal bleeding. The survival rate in neonates and pediatric patients with respiratory failure treated by ECMO was 75% and 71%, respectively, whereas it was only 20% in children with cardiocirculatory failure. Major complications on ECMO were local and intracerebral bleeding. ECMO is an effective therapy for neonates and children with acute respiratory failure. It is less effective for cardiac support in children after open heart surgery, but the use of heparin-layered ECMO systems might increase the safety of the procedure.