A decade (1982 to 1992) of pediatric cardiac transplantation and the impact of FK 506 immunosuppression

Abstract

The decade from 1982 through 1992 witnessed tremendous growth in pediatric cardiac transplantation. At Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh 66 cardiac transplants were performed during this period (age range 7 hours to 18 years). The cause of cardiomyopathy was congenital (n = 30), cardiomyopathy (n = 29), myocarditis (n = 2), doxorubicin toxicity (n = 2), ischemic (n = 1), valvular (n = 1), and cardiac angiosarcoma (n = 1). Nine children (14%) required mechanical circulatory support before transplantation: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (n = 8) and Novacor left ventricular assist system (n = 1) (Baxter Healthcare Corp., Novacor Div., Oakland, Calif.). The mean follow-up time was 2 years (range 4 months to 8 years). The overall survival in the group was 67%. In children with congenital heart disease (> 6 months of age) the perioperative (30 day) mortality was 66% before mid-1988 (n = 10) and 0% since mid-1988 (n = 11). The late mortality (> 30 days) in children with cardiomyopathy transplanted prior to mid-1988 was 66% (n = 14) and 7% since mid-1988 (n = 15). Since mid-1988 1- and 3-year survival was 82% in children with congenital heart disease and 90% in children with cardiomyopathy. Twenty-six children have had FK 506 as their primary immunosuppressive therapy since November 1989. Survival in this group was 82% at 1 and 3 years. The actuarial freedom from grade 3A rejection in the FK group was 60% at 3 and 6 months after transplantation versus 20% and 12%, respectively, in the 15 children operated on before the advent of FK 506, who were treated with cyclosporine-based triple-drug therapy (p < 0.001, Mantel-Cox and Breslow). Twenty of 24 children (83%) in the FK 506 group are receiving no steroids. The prevalence of posttransplantation hypertension was 4% in the FK 506 group versus 70% in the cyclosporine group (p < 0.001, Fisher). Renal toxicity in children treated with FK 506 has been mild. Additionally, eight children have been switched to FK 506 because of refractory rejection and drug toxicity. FK 506 has not produced hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia, or abnormal facial bone growth. The absence of these debilitating side effects, together with the observed immune advantage and steroid-sparing effects of FK 506, hold tremendous promise for the young patient facing cardiac transplantation and a future wedded to immunosuppression.

Fig. 1

Survival in pediatric heart transplantation in children with cardiomyopathy, n = 29: 1982-1988, lower onesided Brookmeyer-Crowley 95% confidence limit for median survival time = 7.57 months; 1988-1992, Brookmeyer-Crowley 95% confidence interval not calculable; all, lower one-sided Brookmeyer-Crowley 95% confidence limit for median survival time = 27.77 months.

Fig. 2

Survival in pediatric heart transplantation in children with congenital heart disease (CHD), n= 21: 1982-1988, lower one-sided Brookmeyer-Crowley 95% confidence limit for median survival time = 0.03 months; 1988-1992, Brookmeyer-Crowley 95% confidence interval for median survival time is not calculable; all, lower onesided Brookmeyer-Crowley 95% confidence limit for median survival time = 2.90 months.

Fig. 3

Pediatric heart transplantation patient survival in pediatric heart transplantation on FK 506 immunosuppression, n = 26. Brookmeyer-Crowley 95% confidence interval for median survival time is not calculable. LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction.

Fig. 4

Actuarial freedom from rejection in pediatric cardiac transplantation FK 506 immunosuppression compared to the cyclosporine (CyA) immunosuppression era.

Fig. 5

Survival in pediatric heart transplantation cardiomyopathy and congenital heart disease (HD). Confidence interval is not calculable.