Immunization experiments using the rodent caries model

Abstract

Taken together, the immunization experiments which have been performed in the rat caries model system appear to suggest a correlation between the presence of salivary antibody to S mutans and reductions in caries caused by these bacteria. However, the multifactorial nature of this disease does not permit at present the conclusion that the presence of this antibody is both necessary and sufficient to give rise to the demonstrated effects on pathogenesis. To clarify the role of salivary antibody, several refinements may be required in the current model. Immunization procedures that elicit only a local antibody response would both simplify interpretations of effects and would be more desirable for use as a vaccine. Such procedures might include intraductal installation of antigen in the parotid gland which has been demonstrated to result in this type of response. An additional refinement stems from the knowledge that the kinds of immunization procedures currently used stimulated both cellular immune and soluble antibody systems, potentially giving rise to a rather broad spectrum of immune responses. Therefore, it might be useful to study the effects on S mutans pathogenesis in rats in which certain of these responses have been repressed, for example, by thymectomy, antilymphocyte serum, and so on. Also, each of these approaches would be measurably enhanced by more sensitive techniques to monitor immunological events in the oral cavity. Refinements in the selection and use of relevant antigens of S mutans also are necessary to delineate the in vivo mechanism of immunological interference in the pathogenesis of cariogenic streptococci. Approaches involve the use of purified GTF antigens or cell surface antigens both in the investigation of these mechanisms in in vitro models using antibody specifically directed to these antigens and in rat immunization experiments using immunogenic preparations of these materials. In addition, alterations in the diet and challenge dosage of infecting cariogenic organisms might permit more sensitive detection of effects in vivo. Clearly, the evidence suggests immunological interference with S mutans pathogenesis in the rat model system. However, several gaps exist in our basic understanding of this interference and of the appropriate system in which to observe these effects. The potential significance of this phenomenon should spur efforts to fill these gaps to establish definitively the role of immunity as an ecological determinant in the oral cavity.