Sleep disorders in the elderly: depression and post-traumatic stress disorder

Abstract

We report on two studies of sleep in the elderly. (1) One hundred and ninety-eight Spanish outpatients aged over 65 who met ICD-10 criteria for either a depressive episode, a recurrent, or a persistent mood disorder were compared with a matched population of depressives aged under 55. Factorial analysis and multiple regression showed that sleep complaints in the older group correlated less with severity of depression and had a less stable response to pharmacological treatment. (2) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and sleep complaints were studied in 817 World War II veterans from Alsace-Lorraine who had been forcibly drafted into the Wehrmacht and subsequently detained as prisoners of war in Russia. The diagnosis of PTSD was associated with more severe wartime stressors and long internment. Eighty percent of respondants still report recurrent distressing dreams of wartime or captivity events after over 45 years. We analyzed sleep complaints in two elderly populations. Part one describes a Spanish study which compared the nosological significance and treatment response of sleep complaints in depressives aged over 65 or under 55. In part two, we study sleep complaints in former Alsatian prisoners of war (POWs) and analyze the influence of previous stressors and the aging process.