Orchiectomy after chemotherapy in patients with metastatic testicular cancer. Is it indicated?

Abstract

Background: A small proportion of patients with testicular germ cell tumors present with widely metastatic disease and are treated initially with chemotherapy. Little is known about the efficacy of systemic chemotherapy in eradicating the primary testicular germ cell cancer; however, there is concern that the testis may act as a sanctuary site for germ cell cancer in these patients, and orchiectomy, is, therefore, recommended after chemotherapy.

Methods: The results from a clinical and pathologic review of 24 patients who underwent delayed orchiectomy after chemotherapy are presented. The testicular pathologic findings are correlated with those in extragonadal masses and also with a blinded review of postchemotherapy testicular ultrasound scans.

Results: The most common testicular pathological finding was a dense fibrous scar that was found in all patients. Three patients had persistent testicular germ cell cancer, six had mature teratoma, and one had carcinoma in situ. There was a strong concordance between the major testicular pathologic findings and those in the resected extragonadal masses. All three patients with persistent testicular germ cell cancer subsequently had disease progression in the extragonadal sites. Testicular ultrasound examination did not distinguish accurately between residual tumor or scar in the testis.

Conclusion: Persistence of the primary testicular germ cell cancer is most likely due to the same heterogeneous response to chemotherapy observed in different metastatic sites. Because current imaging techniques cannot identify accurately those patients with residual testicular germ cell cancer or related testicular abnormalities that may predispose to subsequent relapse, orchiectomy after chemotherapy remains appropriate.