Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children. A 7-year follow-up of 21 patients

Abstract

Background: Primary ventricular tachyarrhythmias are rarely seen in children. Among them, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia has a poor spontaneous outcome. Its diagnosis is often delayed after the first symptoms, which is unacceptable because treatment with the appropriate beta-blocker prevents sudden death.

Methods and results: We observed 21 children (mean +/- SD age, 9.9 +/- 4 years) at the time of the diagnosis who had no structural heart disease and a normal QT interval on routine ECG. They were referred for stress- or emotion-induced syncope related to ventricular polymorphic tachyarrhythmias. The arrhythmia, consisting of isolated polymorphic ventricular extrasystoles followed by salvoes of bidirectional and polymorphic tachycardia susceptible to degeneration into ventricular fibrillation, was reproducibly induced by any form of increasing adrenergic stimulation. There was a familial history of syncope or sudden death in 30% of our patients. On receiving therapy with the appropriate beta-blocker, the patients' symptoms and polymorphic tachyarrhythmias disappeared. During a mean follow-up period of 7 years, three syncopal events and two sudden deaths occurred, probably due to treatment interruption.

Conclusions: The entity of adrenergic-dependent, potentially lethal tachyarrhythmia with no structural heart disease deserves to be individualized. It may form a variant of the congenital long QT syndrome in which the ECG marker is lacking; this primary ventricular arrhythmia must be looked for in a pediatric patient with stress- or emotion-induced syncope because only beta-blocking therapy can prevent sudden death and therefore must be given for the patient's lifetime.