Risk of arterial embolization in 224 patients awaiting cardiac transplantation

Abstract

Of patients awaiting cardiac transplantation, 10% to 20% die before a donor heart becomes available. Embolization of left ventricular thrombus is a source of morbidity and mortality in this population. To define the incidence and possible risk factors for systemic arterial embolization, we examined the frequency of arterial embolic events and their relation to clinical, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic variables in 224 consecutive outpatients awaiting cardiac transplantation (left ventricular ejection fraction 0.20 +/- 0.07 and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension 76 +/- 11 mm). Over a follow-up period of 301 +/- 371 days, during which 82 (37%) patients received warfarin, arterial embolization occurred in 6 (3%) patients, 1 of whom was receiving and 5 of whom were not receiving warfarin (difference not specifically significant). The risk of embolization was not statistically different in patients with atrial fibrillation, previous embolization, or left ventricular thrombus on transthoracic echocardiogram, regardless of warfarin therapy. Cumulative risk of sudden death was similar for patients with or without echocardiographically documented left ventricular thrombus. Nonfatal bleeding complications associated with warfarin therapy occurred in 2 (2%) patients. Thus in patients who are awaiting cardiac transplantation and who receive anticoagulation therapy for left ventricular thrombus, atrial fibrillation, or previous arterial embolization, the incidence of clinically detectable arterial embolization is low despite severe ventricular dilatation. Embolization is not likely a major cause of sudden death or morbidity in this population.